C++ 多态 纯虚函数

• 包含纯虚函数的类称为抽象类（Abstract Class）。之所以说它抽象，是因为它无法实例化，也就是无法创建对象。原因很明显，纯虚函数没有函数体，不是完整的函数，无法调用，也无法为其分配内存空间。
• 抽象类通常是作为基类，让派生类去实现纯虚函数。派生类必须实现纯虚函数才能被实例化。
• AbstractCalculator *abc = new AddCalculator; //注意声明方式

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//线
class Line{
public:
    Line(float len);
    virtual float area() = 0;
    virtual float volume() = 0;
protected:
    float m_len;
};
Line::Line(float len): m_len(len){ }
//矩形
class Rec: public Line{
public:
    Rec(float len, float width);
    float area();
protected:
    float m_width;
};
Rec::Rec(float len, float width): Line(len), m_width(width){ }
float Rec::area(){ return m_len * m_width; }
//长方体
class Cuboid: public Rec{
public:
    Cuboid(float len, float width, float height);
    float area();
    float volume();
protected:
    float m_height;
};
Cuboid::Cuboid(float len, float width, float height): Rec(len, width), m_height(height){ }
float Cuboid::area(){ return 2 * ( m_len*m_width + m_len*m_height + m_width*m_height); }
float Cuboid::volume(){ return m_len * m_width * m_height; }
//正方体
class Cube: public Cuboid{
public:
    Cube(float len);
    float area();
    float volume();
};
Cube::Cube(float len): Cuboid(len, len, len){ }
float Cube::area(){ return 6 * m_len * m_len; }
float Cube::volume(){ return m_len * m_len * m_len; }
int main(){
    Line *p = new Cuboid(10, 20, 30);
    cout<<"The area of Cuboid is "<<p->area()<<endl;
    cout<<"The volume of Cuboid is "<<p->volume()<<endl;
  
    p = new Cube(15);
    cout<<"The area of Cube is "<<p->area()<<endl;
    cout<<"The volume of Cube is "<<p->volume()<<endl;
    return 0;
}

class Base
{
public:
	//纯虚函数
	//类中只要有一个纯虚函数就称为抽象类
	//抽象类无法实例化对象
	//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类
	virtual void func() = 0;
};

class Son :public Base
{
public:
	virtual void func() 
	{
		cout << "func调用" << endl;
	};
};

void test01()
{
	Base * base = NULL; //注意这个声明
	//base = new Base; // 错误，抽象类无法实例化对象
	base = new Son; //new Son
	base->func();
	delete base;//记得销毁
}

int main() {

	test01();

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}