Spring Boot 缓存与性能优化

Java水解
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31.1 学习目标与重点提示

学习目标：掌握Spring Boot缓存与性能优化的核心概念与使用方法，包括缓存的定义与特点、性能优化的定义与特点、Spring Boot与缓存的集成、Spring Boot的实际应用场景，学会在实际开发中处理缓存与性能优化问题。
重点：缓存的定义与特点、性能优化的定义与特点、Spring Boot与缓存的集成、Spring Boot的实际应用场景。

31.2 缓存与性能优化概述

缓存与性能优化是Java开发中的重要组件，用于提高应用程序的响应速度和吞吐量。

31.2.1 缓存的定义

定义：缓存是一种用于存储数据的临时存储区，用于提高数据的访问速度。
作用：

  • 减少数据库的访问压力。
  • 提高应用程序的响应速度。
  • 提高应用程序的吞吐量。

常见的缓存：

  • 内存缓存：包括ConcurrentHashMap和Guava Cache。
  • 分布式缓存：包括Redis和Memcached。
  • 浏览器缓存：包括HTTP缓存和浏览器本地存储。

✅ 结论：缓存是一种用于存储数据的临时存储区，作用是减少数据库的访问压力、提高应用程序的响应速度、提高应用程序的吞吐量。

31.2.2 性能优化的定义

定义：性能优化是指对应用程序进行优化，以提高其响应速度和吞吐量。
作用：

  • 提高用户体验。
  • 减少服务器的资源消耗。
  • 提高系统的可靠性。

常见的性能优化方法：

  • 缓存优化：使用缓存减少数据库的访问压力。
  • 数据库优化：优化数据库的查询语句和索引。
  • 代码优化：优化代码的结构和逻辑。
  • 服务器优化：优化服务器的配置和资源分配。

✅ 结论：性能优化是指对应用程序进行优化，作用是提高用户体验、减少服务器的资源消耗、提高系统的可靠性。

31.3 Spring Boot与缓存的集成

Spring Boot与缓存的集成是Java开发中的重要内容。

31.3.1 集成Spring Cache的步骤

定义：集成Spring Cache的步骤是指使用Spring Boot与Spring Cache集成的方法。
步骤：

  1. 创建Spring Boot项目。
  2. 添加所需的依赖。
  3. 配置缓存。
  4. 创建业务层。
  5. 创建控制器类。
  6. 测试应用。

示例：
pom.xml文件中的依赖：

<dependencies>
    <!-- Web依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 缓存依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-cache</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 测试依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

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application.properties文件中的配置：

# 服务器端口
server.port=8080

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实体类：

public class Product {
    private Long id;
    private String productId;
    private String productName;
    private double price;
    private int stock;
    
    public Product() {
    }
    
    public Product(Long id, String productId, String productName, double price, int stock) {
        this.id = id;
        this.productId = productId;
        this.productName = productName;
        this.price = price;
        this.stock = stock;
    }
    
    // Getter和Setter方法
    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }
    
    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    
    public String getProductId() {
        return productId;
    }
    
    public void setProductId(String productId) {
        this.productId = productId;
    }
    
    public String getProductName() {
        return productName;
    }
    
    public void setProductName(String productName) {
        this.productName = productName;
    }
    
    public double getPrice() {
        return price;
    }
    
    public void setPrice(double price) {
        this.price = price;
    }
    
    public int getStock() {
        return stock;
    }
    
    public void setStock(int stock) {
        this.stock = stock;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Product{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", productId='" + productId + ''' +
                ", productName='" + productName + ''' +
                ", price=" + price +
                ", stock=" + stock +
                '}';
    }
}

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Repository接口：

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

@Repository
public class ProductRepository {
    private List<Product> products = new ArrayList<>();
    
    public ProductRepository() {
        products.add(new Product(1L, "P001", "手机", 1000.0, 100));
        products.add(new Product(2L, "P002", "电脑", 5000.0, 50));
        products.add(new Product(3L, "P003", "电视", 3000.0, 80));
        products.add(new Product(4L, "P004", "手表", 500.0, 200));
        products.add(new Product(5L, "P005", "耳机", 300.0, 150));
    }
    
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        // 模拟数据库查询，延迟1秒
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products;
    }
    
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        // 模拟数据库查询，延迟1秒
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products.stream().filter(product -> product.getId().equals(id)).findFirst().orElse(null);
    }
    
    public void addProduct(Product product) {
        product.setId((long) (products.size() + 1));
        products.add(product);
    }
    
    public void updateProduct(Product product) {
        Product existingProduct = getProductById(product.getId());
        if (existingProduct != null) {
            existingProduct.setProductId(product.getProductId());
            existingProduct.setProductName(product.getProductName());
            existingProduct.setPrice(product.getPrice());
            existingProduct.setStock(product.getStock());
        }
    }
    
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        products.removeIf(product -> product.getId().equals(id));
    }
}

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Service类：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CacheEvict;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CachePut;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.List;

@Service
public class ProductService {
    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;
    
    @Cacheable(value = "products")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询所有产品信息");
        return productRepository.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @Cacheable(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询产品信息：" + id);
        return productRepository.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product addProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("添加产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.addProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product updateProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("更新产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.updateProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CacheEvict(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        System.out.println("删除产品信息：" + id);
        productRepository.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

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控制器类：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/products")
public class ProductController {
    @Autowired
    private ProductService productService;
    
    @GetMapping("/")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        return productService.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Product getProductById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return productService.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @PostMapping("/add")
    public Product addProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {
        return productService.addProduct(product);
    }
    
    @PutMapping("/edit/{id}")
    public Product editProduct(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody Product product) {
        product.setId(id);
        return productService.updateProduct(product);
    }
    
    @DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public void deleteProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {
        productService.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

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应用启动类：

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.EnableCaching;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableCaching
public class CacheApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(CacheApplication.class, args);
    }
}

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测试类：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplate;
import org.springframework.boot.web.server.LocalServerPort;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class CacheApplicationTests {
    @LocalServerPort
    private int port;
    
    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
    
    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetAllProducts() {
        // 第一次访问，从数据库查询
        List products1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products1).hasSize(5);
        
        // 第二次访问，从缓存获取
        List products2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products2).hasSize(5);
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetProductById() {
        // 第一次访问，从数据库查询
        Product product1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product1).isNotNull();
        
        // 第二次访问，从缓存获取
        Product product2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product2).isNotNull();
    }
}

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✅ 结论：集成Spring Cache的步骤包括创建Spring Boot项目、添加所需的依赖、配置缓存、创建业务层、创建控制器类、测试应用。

31.3.2 集成Redis缓存的步骤

定义：集成Redis缓存的步骤是指使用Spring Boot与Redis缓存集成的方法。
步骤：

  1. 创建Spring Boot项目。
  2. 添加所需的依赖。
  3. 配置Redis。
  4. 创建业务层。
  5. 创建控制器类。
  6. 测试应用。

示例：
pom.xml文件中的依赖：

<dependencies>
    <!-- Web依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 缓存依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-cache</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- Redis依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 测试依赖 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

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application.properties文件中的配置：

# 服务器端口
server.port=8080

# Redis连接信息
spring.redis.host=localhost
spring.redis.port=6379
spring.redis.password=
spring.redis.database=0

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实体类：

public class Product {
    private Long id;
    private String productId;
    private String productName;
    private double price;
    private int stock;
    
    public Product() {
    }
    
    public Product(Long id, String productId, String productName, double price, int stock) {
        this.id = id;
        this.productId = productId;
        this.productName = productName;
        this.price = price;
        this.stock = stock;
    }
    
    // Getter和Setter方法
    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }
    
    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    
    public String getProductId() {
        return productId;
    }
    
    public void setProductId(String productId) {
        this.productId = productId;
    }
    
    public String getProductName() {
        return productName;
    }
    
    public void setProductName(String productName) {
        this.productName = productName;
    }
    
    public double getPrice() {
        return price;
    }
    
    public void setPrice(double price) {
        this.price = price;
    }
    
    public int getStock() {
        return stock;
    }
    
    public void setStock(int stock) {
        this.stock = stock;
    }
    
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Product{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", productId='" + productId + ''' +
                ", productName='" + productName + ''' +
                ", price=" + price +
                ", stock=" + stock +
                '}';
    }
}

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Repository接口：

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

@Repository
public class ProductRepository {
    private List<Product> products = new ArrayList<>();
    
    public ProductRepository() {
        products.add(new Product(1L, "P001", "手机", 1000.0, 100));
        products.add(new Product(2L, "P002", "电脑", 5000.0, 50));
        products.add(new Product(3L, "P003", "电视", 3000.0, 80));
        products.add(new Product(4L, "P004", "手表", 500.0, 200));
        products.add(new Product(5L, "P005", "耳机", 300.0, 150));
    }
    
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products;
    }
    
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products.stream().filter(product -> product.getId().equals(id)).findFirst().orElse(null);
    }
    
    public void addProduct(Product product) {
        product.setId((long) (products.size() + 1));
        products.add(product);
    }
    
    public void updateProduct(Product product) {
        Product existingProduct = getProductById(product.getId());
        if (existingProduct != null) {
            existingProduct.setProductId(product.getProductId());
            existingProduct.setProductName(product.getProductName());
            existingProduct.setPrice(product.getPrice());
            existingProduct.setStock(product.getStock());
        }
    }
    
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        products.removeIf(product -> product.getId().equals(id));
    }
}

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Service类：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CacheEvict;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CachePut;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.List;

@Service
public class ProductService {
    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;
    
    @Cacheable(value = "products")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询所有产品信息");
        return productRepository.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @Cacheable(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询产品信息：" + id);
        return productRepository.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product addProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("添加产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.addProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product updateProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("更新产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.updateProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CacheEvict(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        System.out.println("删除产品信息：" + id);
        productRepository.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

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控制器类：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/products")
public class ProductController {
    @Autowired
    private ProductService productService;
    
    @GetMapping("/")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        return productService.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Product getProductById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return productService.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @PostMapping("/add")
    public Product addProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {
        return productService.addProduct(product);
    }
    
    @PutMapping("/edit/{id}")
    public Product editProduct(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody Product product) {
        product.setId(id);
        return productService.updateProduct(product);
    }
    
    @DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public void deleteProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {
        productService.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

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应用启动类：

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.EnableCaching;

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableCaching
public class RedisCacheApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(RedisCacheApplication.class, args);
    }
}

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测试类：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplate;
import org.springframework.boot.web.server.LocalServerPort;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class RedisCacheApplicationTests {
    @LocalServerPort
    private int port;
    
    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
    
    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetAllProducts() {
        List products1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products1).hasSize(5);
        
        List products2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products2).hasSize(5);
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetProductById() {
        Product product1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product1).isNotNull();
        
        Product product2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product2).isNotNull();
    }
}

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✅ 结论：集成Redis缓存的步骤包括创建Spring Boot项目、添加所需的依赖、配置Redis、创建业务层、创建控制器类、测试应用。

31.4 Spring Boot的实际应用场景

在实际开发中，Spring Boot缓存与性能优化的应用场景非常广泛，如：

  • 实现产品信息的缓存优化。
  • 实现用户信息的缓存优化。
  • 实现订单信息的缓存优化。
  • 实现支付信息的缓存优化。

示例：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CacheEvict;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CachePut;
import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.List;

@Service
class ProductService {
    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;
    
    @Cacheable(value = "products")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询所有产品信息");
        return productRepository.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @Cacheable(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        System.out.println("从数据库查询产品信息：" + id);
        return productRepository.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product addProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("添加产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.addProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CachePut(value = "product", key = "#product.id")
    public Product updateProduct(Product product) {
        System.out.println("更新产品信息：" + product);
        productRepository.updateProduct(product);
        return product;
    }
    
    @CacheEvict(value = "product", key = "#id")
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        System.out.println("删除产品信息：" + id);
        productRepository.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

@Repository
class ProductRepository {
    private List<Product> products = new ArrayList<>();
    
    public ProductRepository() {
        products.add(new Product(1L, "P001", "手机", 1000.0, 100));
        products.add(new Product(2L, "P002", "电脑", 5000.0, 50));
        products.add(new Product(3L, "P003", "电视", 3000.0, 80));
        products.add(new Product(4L, "P004", "手表", 500.0, 200));
        products.add(new Product(5L, "P005", "耳机", 300.0, 150));
    }
    
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products;
    }
    
    public Product getProductById(Long id) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return products.stream().filter(product -> product.getId().equals(id)).findFirst().orElse(null);
    }
    
    public void addProduct(Product product) {
        product.setId((long) (products.size() + 1));
        products.add(product);
    }
    
    public void updateProduct(Product product) {
        Product existingProduct = getProductById(product.getId());
        if (existingProduct != null) {
            existingProduct.setProductId(product.getProductId());
            existingProduct.setProductName(product.getProductName());
            existingProduct.setPrice(product.getPrice());
            existingProduct.setStock(product.getStock());
        }
    }
    
    public void deleteProduct(Long id) {
        products.removeIf(product -> product.getId().equals(id));
    }
}

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/products")
class ProductController {
    @Autowired
    private ProductService productService;
    
    @GetMapping("/")
    public List<Product> getAllProducts() {
        return productService.getAllProducts();
    }
    
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Product getProductById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return productService.getProductById(id);
    }
    
    @PostMapping("/add")
    public Product addProduct(@RequestBody Product product) {
        return productService.addProduct(product);
    }
    
    @PutMapping("/edit/{id}")
    public Product editProduct(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody Product product) {
        product.setId(id);
        return productService.updateProduct(product);
    }
    
    @DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}")
    public void deleteProduct(@PathVariable Long id) {
        productService.deleteProduct(id);
    }
}

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableCaching
public class CacheApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(CacheApplication.class, args);
    }
}

// 测试类
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class CacheApplicationTests {
    @LocalServerPort
    private int port;
    
    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
    
    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetAllProducts() {
        List products1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products1).hasSize(5);
        
        List products2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/", List.class);
        assertThat(products2).hasSize(5);
    }
    
    @Test
    void testGetProductById() {
        Product product1 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product1).isNotNull();
        
        Product product2 = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:" + port + "/api/products/1", Product.class);
        assertThat(product2).isNotNull();
    }
}

AI写代码java
运行
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输出结果：

✅ 结论：在实际开发中，Spring Boot缓存与性能优化的应用场景非常广泛，需要根据实际问题选择合适的缓存和性能优化方法。

总结

本章我们学习了Spring Boot缓存与性能优化，包括缓存的定义与特点、性能优化的定义与特点、Spring Boot与缓存的集成、Spring Boot的实际应用场景，学会了在实际开发中处理缓存与性能优化问题。其中，缓存的定义与特点、性能优化的定义与特点、Spring Boot与缓存的集成、Spring Boot的实际应用场景是本章的重点内容。从下一章开始，我们将学习Spring Boot的其他组件、微服务等内容。

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