英语语法指南
从基础到进阶的系统化语法笔记
目录
1. 词性
1.1 名词 (Noun)
定义：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。
分类
| 类型 | 说明 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 专有名词 | 特定的人、地、物 | China, Tom, the Great Wall |
| 普通名词 | 一般的人或事物 | book, water, happiness |
| 可数名词 | 可计数的名词 | apple → apples |
| 不可数名词 | 不可计数的名词 | water, information, advice |
名词复数规则
一般情况： book → books
以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾：bus → buses
以辅音字母 + y 结尾：city → cities
以 f/fe 结尾： leaf → leaves
不规则变化： man → men, child → children, foot → feet
名词所有格
单数名词： Tom's book
复数名词： the students' classroom
复合名词： my sister-in-law's car
共同所有： Tom and Mary's room（共有的）
分别所有： Tom's and Mary's rooms（各自的）
1.2 代词 (Pronoun)
定义：代替名词的词。
人称代词
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 | 反身代词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 第二人称 | you | you | your | yours | yourself/yourselves |
| 第三人称单数 | he/she/it | him/her/it | his/her/its | his/hers/its | himself/herself/itself |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
指示代词
this（这个）- these（这些）：近指
that（那个）- those（那些）：远指
不定代词
some/any：一些
many/much：许多（可数/不可数）
few/little：很少（否定含义）
a few/a little：一些（肯定含义）
each/every：每一个
both/either/neither：两者相关
all/none：全部/没有一个
other/another：其他/另一个
疑问代词
who/whom/whose：谁（主格/宾格/所有格）
what：什么
which：哪一个
关系代词
who：指人（主格）
whom：指人（宾格）
whose：指人/物（所有格）
which：指物
that：指人/物
1.3 冠词 (Article)
定义：用在名词前，说明名词所指的人或事物。
不定冠词 a/an
用法：
- 第一次提到某人/某物
- 泛指某一类人或事物
- 表示数量"一"（但不强调数量）
a：用于辅音音素开头的词前
an：用于元音音素开头的词前
例：
a book, a university（辅音音素）
an apple, an hour（元音音素）
定冠词 the
用法：
- 特指某人/某物
- 上文提到过的人/物
- 世界上独一无二的事物
- 序数词、最高级前
- 乐器名称前
- 某些专有名词前
例：
the sun, the moon, the earth
the first, the best
play the piano
the United States
零冠词
不用冠词的情况：
- 泛指复数名词
- 泛指不可数名词
- 人名、地名、国名
- 星期、月份、节日
- 三餐、球类运动
- by + 交通工具
例：
Dogs are loyal.（泛指复数）
Water is essential.（泛指不可数）
China, Monday, Christmas
play football, by bus
1.4 形容词 (Adjective)
定义：修饰名词，说明人或事物的特征或性质。
形容词位置
前置修饰：a beautiful girl
后置修饰：
- 修饰不定代词：something important
- 以 -able/-ible 结尾：the best available
- 表语形容词：the man responsible
形容词比较级和最高级
单音节词：
- 比较级：-er
- 最高级：-est
例：tall → taller → tallest
双音节词：
- 以 -y 结尾：happy → happier → happiest
- 其他：more/most + 原级
多音节词：
- more/most + 原级
例：beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
不规则变化：
good/well → better → best
bad/ill → worse → worst
many/much → more → most
little → less → least
far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
比较级用法
同级比较：as + 原级 + as
例：He is as tall as I am.
比较级：比较级 + than
例：He is taller than his brother.
最高级：the + 最高级 + 比较范围
例：He is the tallest in his class.
越来越...：比较级 + and + 比较级
例：The weather is getting colder and colder.
越...越...：the + 比较级，the + 比较级
例：The more you practice, the better you will be.
1.5 副词 (Adverb)
定义：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。
副词分类
| 类型 | 说明 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间副词 | 表示时间 | now, then, often, always |
| 地点副词 | 表示地点 | here, there, everywhere |
| 方式副词 | 表示方式 | slowly, carefully, well |
| 程度副词 | 表示程度 | very, quite, rather, too |
| 频度副词 | 表示频率 | always, usually, sometimes, never |
| 疑问副词 | 引导疑问句 | when, where, why, how |
| 连接副词 | 连接句子 | however, therefore, otherwise |
副词位置
修饰动词：
- 句末：He speaks English well.
- 句中（be动词/助动词后）：He always gets up early.
修饰形容词/副词：
- 放在被修饰词前：very good, quite slowly
修饰整个句子：
- 句首：Fortunately, he passed the exam.
1.6 动词 (Verb)
定义：表示动作或状态的词。
动词分类
| 类型 | 说明 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| 实义动词 | 有实际意义 | run, eat, think |
| 连系动词 | 连接主语和表语 | be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel |
| 助动词 | 帮助构成时态/语态/疑问 | do, be, have, will, shall |
| 情态动词 | 表示说话人的态度 | can, could, may, might, must, should |
及物动词 vs 不及物动词
及物动词（vt.）：后面接宾语
例：I like apples.（like 是及物动词）
不及物动词（vi.）：后面不接宾语
例：He arrived yesterday.（arrive 是不及物动词）
有些动词既可作及物也可作不及物：
例：He opened the door.（及物）
The door opened.（不及物）
动词基本形式
原形：do
第三人称单数：does
过去式：did
过去分词：done
现在分词：doing
1.7 介词 (Preposition)
定义：表示词与词之间关系的词。
时间介词
at：具体时刻
例：at 7:00, at noon, at night
on：具体某一天
例：on Monday, on July 1st, on my birthday
in：长时间段
例：in 2024, in May, in the morning
for：持续一段时间
例：for two hours, for a week
since：自从
例：since 2020, since yesterday
by：在...之前
例：by next week, by the time
during：在...期间
例：during the meeting
地点介词
at：某一点
例：at the door, at the station
in：内部
例：in the box, in the room
on：表面
例：on the table, on the wall
above/over：在...上方
below/under：在...下方
between：两者之间
among：三者或以上之间
through：穿过
across：横过
方式介词
by：通过...方式
例：by bus, by email, by phone
with：用...工具
例：write with a pen
in：用...语言/方式
例：speak in English
1.8 连词 (Conjunction)
定义：连接词、短语或句子的词。
并列连词
and：和，并且
or：或者，否则
but：但是
so：所以
for：因为
yet：然而
while：而，然而
例：
I like apples and oranges.
He is poor but happy.
从属连词
引导时间状语从句：when, while, before, after, until, since, as soon as
引导原因状语从句：because, since, as
引导条件状语从句：if, unless, as long as
引导目的状语从句：so that, in order that
引导结果状语从句：so...that, such...that
引导让步状语从句：although, though, even though, while
引导方式状语从句：as, as if, as though
例：
I will call you when I arrive.
He failed because he didn't study hard.
1.9 数词 (Numeral)
定义：表示数量或顺序的词。
基数词
1-12：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
13-19：-teen 结尾
20-90 整十：-ty 结尾
21-99：几十 + 几
100+：hundred, thousand, million, billion
例：
25：twenty-five
365：three hundred and sixty-five
1,000：one thousand
序数词
第一到第三：first, second, third
第四到第十九：基数词 + th
整十的序数词：变 y 为 ieth
21+：只变个位
例：
fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth
twentieth, thirtieth
twenty-first, ninety-ninth
2. 句子成分
2.1 主语 (Subject)
定义：句子说明的人或事物。
名词作主语：The book is interesting.
代词作主语：He is a student.
动名词作主语：Swimming is good for health.
不定式作主语：To learn English is important.
从句作主语：What he said is true.
2.2 谓语 (Predicate)
定义：说明主语做什么或是什么。
简单谓语：He works hard.
复合谓语：He can speak English.
He is reading a book.
2.3 宾语 (Object)
定义：动作的承受者。
直接宾语：I bought a book.
间接宾语：I gave him a book.（him 是间接宾语）
宾语从句：I know that he is honest.
2.4 表语 (Predicative)
定义：说明主语的身份、特征或状态。
名词作表语：He is a teacher.
形容词作表语：She looks happy.
介词短语作表语：The book is on the desk.
从句作表语：The problem is that we don't have enough time.
2.5 定语 (Attribute)
定义：修饰名词或代词。
前置定语：a beautiful girl
后置定语：
- 介词短语：the book on the desk
- 分词短语：the girl standing there
- 不定式：something to eat
- 从句：the man who is speaking
2.6 状语 (Adverbial)
定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
时间状语：I will call you tomorrow.
地点状语：He works in Beijing.
方式状语：He speaks English fluently.
原因状语：He was late because of the traffic.
目的状语：He studies hard to pass the exam.
结果状语：He was too tired to walk.
条件状语：I will go if it doesn't rain.
让步状语：He went out although it was raining.
2.7 补语 (Complement)
定义：补充说明主语或宾语。
宾语补足语：
- 名词：We made him our leader.
- 形容词：He made me happy.
- 不定式：He asked me to help him.
- 分词：I found him sleeping.
主语补足语：
He was made our leader.
2.8 基本句型
1. 主 + 谓 (SV)
例：The sun rises.
2. 主 + 谓 + 宾 (SVO)
例：I like music.
3. 主 + 系 + 表 (SVP)
例：She is beautiful.
4. 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 (SVIODO)
例：He gave me a book.
5. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 (SVOC)
例：We made him happy.
3. 时态
3.1 时态概述
英语时态由时（时间）和态（状态）组成：
- 时：现在、过去、将来、过去将来
- 态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行
共 16 种时态。
3.2 一般现在时
用法：
- 表示经常性、习惯性的动作
- 表示客观真理、科学事实
- 表示现在的状态
- 表示按规定、计划发生的动作
结构：
肯定句：主语 + 动词原形/第三人称单数
否定句：主语 + don't/doesn't + 动词原形
疑问句：Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形?
例：
He works in a bank.
The earth goes around the sun.
I don't like coffee.
Do you speak English?
3.3 一般过去时
用法：
- 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态
- 表示过去习惯性的动作
结构：
肯定句：主语 + 动词过去式
否定句：主语 + didn't + 动词原形
疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
例：
I visited my grandmother yesterday.
He didn't go to school last week.
Did you watch the movie last night?
3.4 一般将来时
用法：
- 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态
- 表示打算、计划做某事
结构：
will + 动词原形
be going to + 动词原形
例：
I will call you tomorrow.
He is going to buy a new car.
They will arrive next week.
will vs be going to：
will：临时决定、客观将来
例：I will help you.（临时决定）
It will rain tomorrow.（预测）
be going to：计划、打算、有迹象表明
例：I am going to study abroad.（计划）
Look at the clouds! It's going to rain.（有迹象）
3.5 过去将来时
用法：站在过去的角度看将来要发生的动作。
结构：
would + 动词原形
was/were going to + 动词原形
例：
He said he would come the next day.
I thought it was going to rain.
3.6 现在进行时
用法：
- 表示说话时正在进行的动作
- 表示现阶段正在进行的动作
- 表示按计划即将发生的动作（少数动词）
结构：
am/is/are + 现在分词
例：
I am reading a book now.
She is working on a project these days.
He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.（计划）
不能用于进行时的动词：
状态动词：know, understand, believe, love, like, hate, want, need 等
感官动词：see, hear, smell, taste, sound, feel 等
所属关系：have, own, belong to 等
3.7 过去进行时
用法：
- 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作
- 表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作
结构：
was/were + 现在分词
例：
I was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.
They were playing football when it started to rain.
While he was reading, his wife was cooking.
3.8 将来进行时
用法：表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
结构：
will be + 现在分词
例：
This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London.
Don't call me at 10. I will be having a meeting.
3.9 现在完成时
用法：
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
- 表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态
结构：
have/has + 过去分词
例：
I have finished my homework.（已完成，结果是现在不用做了）
He has lived here for 10 years.（持续到现在）
标志词：
already：肯定句，表示"已经"
yet：否定句/疑问句，表示"还"
just：表示"刚刚"
ever/never：表示"曾经/从未"
for + 时间段：表示持续了多长时间
since + 时间点：表示自从什么时候开始
so far：表示"到目前为止"
have been to vs have gone to：
have been to：去过（已回来）
例：I have been to Beijing twice.
have gone to：去了（还没回来）
例：He has gone to Beijing.（他还在北京）
3.10 过去完成时
用法：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。
结构：
had + 过去分词
例：
When I arrived, the train had already left.
By the time he got home, his wife had finished cooking.
He said he had seen the movie before.
时间标志：
by the time...
by the end of...
before...
after...
when...
3.11 将来完成时
用法：表示在将来某个时间之前将要完成的动作。
结构：
will have + 过去分词
例：
By this time next year, I will have graduated.
By the time you arrive, I will have finished the work.
3.12 现在完成进行时
用法：表示从过去开始持续到现在，并且还在进行的动作。
结构：
have/has been + 现在分词
例：
I have been waiting for two hours.
She has been working on this project since last month.
现在完成时 vs 现在完成进行时：
现在完成时：强调结果
例：I have written a letter.（写完了）
现在完成进行时：强调过程
例：I have been writing a letter.（还在写）
3.13 时态对比总结
| 时态 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 习惯、真理、状态 | He works hard. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去发生的动作 | He worked yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | 将要发生的动作 | He will work tomorrow. |
| 现在进行时 | 正在进行的动作 | He is working now. |
| 过去进行时 | 过去正在进行的动作 | He was working then. |
| 现在完成时 | 过去动作对现在的影响 | He has worked here for 2 years. |
| 过去完成时 | 过去的过去 | He had worked before he retired. |
4. 语态
4.1 主动语态与被动语态
主动语态：主语是动作的执行者
例：He wrote the letter.
被动语态：主语是动作的承受者
例：The letter was written by him.
4.2 被动语态的构成
be + 过去分词
各种时态的被动语态：
一般现在时：am/is/are + done
一般过去时：was/were + done
一般将来时：will be + done
现在进行时：am/is/are being + done
过去进行时：was/were being + done
现在完成时：have/has been + done
过去完成时：had been + done
将来完成时：will have been + done
情态动词：can/must/should + be + done
例句：
一般现在时：English is spoken by many people.
一般过去时：The book was written by a famous author.
一般将来时：The meeting will be held tomorrow.
现在进行时：The bridge is being built.
现在完成时：The work has been finished.
情态动词：The homework must be finished today.
4.3 被动语态的使用情况
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者
例：My bike was stolen.
2. 没有必要说出执行者
例：The book was published in 2020.
3. 强调动作的承受者
例：The president was invited to the meeting.
4. 使语气更客观、正式
例：It is generally believed that...
4.4 不能用于被动语态的动词
不及物动词：happen, occur, take place, break out 等
例：The accident happened yesterday.（不能说 was happened）
状态动词：have, own, belong to, fit, suit 等
例：He has a car.（不能说 A car is had by him）
某些及物动词与名词构成固定搭配：
例：take place, lose heart, change color 等
4.5 主动表被动的情况
1. 某些系动词 + 形容词
例：The cloth feels soft.
The flower smells sweet.
2. 某些动词与 well/badly/easily 等副词连用
例：The book sells well.
The cloth washes easily.
The pen writes smoothly.
3. 某些动词的不定式作定语或补语
例：I have a lot of work to do.
The book is easy to read.
5. 语气
5.1 陈述语气
用法：陈述事实或提出问题。
例：
He is a student.
Do you like coffee?
5.2 祈使语气
用法：表示请求、命令、建议等。
结构：
肯定：动词原形开头
例：Open the door, please.
否定：Don't/Never + 动词原形
例：Don't be late.
Never give up.
Let 开头：
例：Let's go.
Let me help you.
6. 从句
6.1 名词性从句
名词性从句在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
主语从句
定义：在复合句中作主语的从句。
引导词：
- that：无词义，不充当成分
- whether/if：是否
- wh-词：who, what, which, when, where, why, how
例：
That he will come is certain.
Whether he will come is unknown.
What he said is true.
It is obvious that he is lying.（it 作形式主语）
宾语从句
定义：在复合句中作宾语的从句。
例：
I know that he is honest.
I wonder if/whether he will come.
I don't know what he wants.
He asked me where I lived.
注意：
- 宾语从句用陈述语序（主语 + 谓语）
- 否定转移：I don't think he is right.（不说 I think he isn't right）
表语从句
定义：在系动词后作表语的从句。
例：
The problem is that we don't have enough time.
The question is whether we should go.
That is what I want to say.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
同位语从句
定义：解释说明名词内容的从句。
常见名词：fact, news, idea, hope, belief, thought, suggestion, promise 等
例：
The news that he won the game excited everyone.
I have no idea where he has gone.
The fact that the earth is round is known to all.
同位语从句 vs 定语从句：
- 同位语从句：解释名词内容
例：The news that he died is false.（that 不充当成分，解释 news 内容）
- 定语从句：修饰名词
例：The news that he told me is false.（that 作 told 宾语）
6.2 定语从句
定义：修饰名词或代词的从句。
关系代词
who：指人，作主语或宾语
whom：指人，作宾语
whose：指人/物，作定语
which：指物，作主语或宾语
that：指人/物，作主语或宾语
例：
The man who is speaking is my teacher.
The man (who/whom/that) I met yesterday is a doctor.
The book which/that is on the desk is mine.
The student whose father is a doctor studies hard.
关系副词
when：修饰时间名词，作时间状语
where：修饰地点名词，作地点状语
why：修饰 reason，作原因状语
例：
I still remember the day when I first met her.
This is the house where I was born.
The reason why he was late is unknown.
限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句：不可缺少，无逗号
例：The man who is standing there is my father.
非限制性定语从句：补充说明，有逗号
例：My father, who is 60 years old, is a doctor.
that 的用法
必须用 that 的情况：
1. 先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much 等
例：All that glitters is not gold.
2. 先行词被最高级修饰
例：This is the best film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被 the only, the very, the last 修饰
例：This is the only book that I have.
4. 先行词既有人又有物
例：The man and the horse that were in the picture...
不能用 that 的情况：
1. 非限制性定语从句
2. 介词 + 关系代词
例：The house in which I live.（不能用 that）
6.3 状语从句
定义：在句中作状语的从句，修饰动词、形容词或副词。
时间状语从句
引导词：when, while, as, before, after, since, until, till, as soon as, by the time, the moment, immediately, every time, no sooner...than, hardly...when
例：
When I arrived, he had already left.
While I was reading, he was watching TV.
He has lived here since he was born.
I will wait until you come back.
As soon as I got home, I called him.
No sooner had I arrived than it began to rain.
注意：
- 时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来
例：I will call you when I arrive.（不说 will arrive）
地点状语从句
引导词：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
例：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
I will go wherever you go.
原因状语从句
引导词：because, since, as, for, now that
例：
He didn't come because he was ill.
Since everyone is here, let's begin.
As it was getting dark, we hurried home.
It must have rained, for the ground is wet.
区别：
- because：语气最强，回答 why 问题
- since：已知原因，"既然"
- as：明显原因，"由于"
- for：补充说明原因
条件状语从句
引导词：if, unless, as/so long as, in case, on condition that, suppose, provided that
例：
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
I will go unless it rains.
You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
In case it rains, take an umbrella.
注意：
- 条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来
例：If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
目的状语从句
引导词：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case
例：
He studies hard so that he can pass the exam.
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.
He took an umbrella for fear that it should rain.
结果状语从句
引导词：so...that, such...that, so that
例：
He was so tired that he couldn't walk.
It was such a heavy box that I couldn't lift it.
He spoke clearly so that everyone could hear him.
so...that vs such...that：
- so + 形容词/副词 + that
例：so beautiful that...
- so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 + that
例：so beautiful a girl that...
- such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 + that
例：such a beautiful girl that...
让步状语从句
引导词：although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, no matter how/what/who
例：
Although it was raining, he went out.
Even if I fail, I will try again.
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.
However hard he tries, he can't succeed.
Whatever happens, I will support you.
注意：
- although/though 不能与 but 连用
例：Although he is old, he works hard.（不说 but he works hard）
方式状语从句
引导词：as, as if, as though
例：
Do as I do.
He talks as if he knew everything.
He looks as though he were ill.
注意：
- as if/as though 后可用虚拟语气
例：He talks as if he were the boss.（与现在事实相反）
比较状语从句
引导词：as...as, not as/so...as, than, the more...the more
例：
He is as tall as I (am).
He is not so tall as I (am).
He is taller than I (am).
The more you practice, the better you will be.
7. 非谓语动词
7.1 概述
非谓语动词是不作谓语的动词，有三种形式：
- 不定式 (to do)
- 动名词 (doing)
- 分词 (现在分词 doing / 过去分词 done)
7.2 动词不定式 (to do)
基本用法
作主语：
To learn English is important.
= It is important to learn English.
作宾语：
I want to go there.
I decided to study abroad.
作宾补：
He asked me to help him.
My mother told me not to play computer games.
作表语：
My dream is to become a doctor.
作定语：
I have a lot of work to do.
Give me something to eat.
作状语：
I went to the shop to buy some milk.（目的）
He woke up to find everyone gone.（结果）
不定式符号 to 的省略
1. 感官动词 + 宾语 + do
see/hear/watch/feel/notice + sb. + do
例：I saw him enter the room.
2. 使役动词 + 宾语 + do
make/let/have + sb. + do
例：Let me help you.
3. 情态动词后
can/may/must/should/will + do
4. had better, would rather 后
例：You had better go now.
I would rather stay at home.
5. help 后可省可不省
例：He helped me (to) do the work.
不定式的时态和语态
时态：
- 一般式：to do（表示动作发生在谓语之后或同时）
- 进行式：to be doing（表示正在进行的动作）
- 完成式：to have done（表示动作发生在谓语之前）
例：
I want to go there.（一般式）
He seems to be sleeping.（进行式）
He is said to have written a book.（完成式）
语态：
- 主动：to do
- 被动：to be done
- 完成被动：to have been done
例：
The work is to be finished tomorrow.
The house seems to have been built recently.
7.3 动名词 (doing)
定义：动词的 -ing 形式，具有名词性质。
基本用法
作主语：
Swimming is good for health.
= It is no use/good crying over spilt milk.
作宾语：
- 介词后：I'm interested in reading.
- 某些动词后：enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice, suggest, consider, give up, can't help 等
例：I enjoy reading books.
作表语：
My hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语：
a swimming pool（游泳池）
a sleeping bag（睡袋）
只接动名词作宾语的动词
enjoy, finish, avoid, mind, practice, suggest, consider, admit, deny, escape, risk, imagine, keep, miss, quit, resist, stand, appreciate, delay, postpone
记忆口诀：避免错过少延期（avoid, miss, delay, postpone）
建议完成多练习（suggest, finish, practice）
喜欢想象禁不住（enjoy, imagine, can't help）
承认否定与嫉妒（admit, deny, envy）
接动名词和不定式意义不同的动词
remember to do：记得去做某事（未做）
remember doing：记得做过某事（已做）
forget to do：忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing：忘记做过某事（已做）
stop to do：停下来去做另一件事
stop doing：停止正在做的事
try to do：努力去做
try doing：试着做
go on to do：继续做另一件事
go on doing：继续做同一件事
mean to do：打算做
mean doing：意味着
regret to do：遗憾地要做某事
regret doing：后悔做过某事
7.4 分词
现在分词 (doing)
用法：
作定语：
- 单个分词前置：a sleeping baby
- 分词短语后置：the girl standing there
作表语：
The story is interesting.
作宾补：
I saw him sleeping.
作状语：
Hearing the news, she cried.（时间/原因）
He came running.（方式）
过去分词 (done)
用法：
作定语：
- 单个分词前置：a broken cup
- 分词短语后置：the book written by him
作表语：
The cup is broken.
作宾补：
I found the door locked.
作状语：
Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
现在分词 vs 过去分词
现在分词：主动、进行
过去分词：被动、完成
例：
the boiling water（正在沸腾的水）vs the boiled water（开过的水）
the falling leaves（正在飘落的叶子）vs the fallen leaves（落叶）
an interesting book（有趣的书）vs an interested reader（感兴趣的读者）
分词作状语
时间状语：
When hearing the news, she cried.
Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.
原因状语：
Being ill, he didn't go to school.
Not knowing what to do, he asked for help.
条件状语：
Given more time, I could do it better.
让步状语：
Though tired, he continued working.
伴随状语：
He sat there, reading a book.
He came in, followed by his dog.
注意：分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致
错：Looking out the window, the mountain was seen.（山不能看窗外）
对：Looking out the window, I saw the mountain.
8. 主谓一致
8.1 基本原则
语法一致：主语单数，谓语单数；主语复数，谓语复数
意义一致：根据主语的意义确定
就近原则：谓语与最近的主语一致
8.2 语法一致
单数主语 + 单数谓语：
He is a student.
She likes music.
复数主语 + 复数谓语：
They are students.
We like music.
不可数名词 + 单数谓语：
Water is important.
Information is power.
8.3 意义一致
集合名词：
- 整体看待：单数
例：The family is big.
- 成员看待：复数
例：The family are having dinner.
表示时间、距离、金钱、重量的名词：
- 通常作单数
例：Ten years is a long time.
Five dollars is enough.
表示数量的短语：
- "a number of + 复数名词"：复数（许多）
例：A number of students are absent.
- "the number of + 复数名词"：单数（...的数量）
例：The number of students is increasing.
8.4 就近原则
there be 句型：
There is a book and two pens on the desk.
There are two pens and a book on the desk.
not only...but also...：
Not only you but also I am wrong.
neither...nor...：
Neither you nor he is right.
either...or...：
Either you or I am mistaken.
8.5 特殊情况
each + 单数名词 + 单数谓语：
Each student has a book.
each of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语：
Each of the students has a book.
主语 + with/together with/along with/as well as + 名词：
谓语与前面的主语一致
例：The teacher with his students is going to the museum.
one of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语：
One of the students is absent.
the only one of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语：
He is the only one of the students who is late.
动名词/不定式/从句作主语：单数
Reading books is a good habit.
What he said is true.
9. 倒装句
9.1 完全倒装
定义：将整个谓语提到主语之前。
用于 there be 句型：
There is a book on the desk.
用于 here, there, now, then 开头的句子：
Here comes the bus.
There goes the bell.
用于表示地点的介词短语位于句首：
In front of the house stands a tree.
On the wall hangs a picture.
注意：主语是人称代词时不倒装
Here he comes.
Away they went.
9.2 部分倒装
定义：将助动词/情态动词提到主语之前。
否定词位于句首：
Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
Seldom does he go out.
Not until he arrived did we start.
Not only is he clever, but he is also hardworking.
"only + 状语"位于句首：
Only then did I realize my mistake.
Only in this way can we solve the problem.
so, neither, nor 开头的句子：
He can swim. So can I.
He doesn't like coffee. Neither/Nor do I.
as 引导的让步状语从句：
Hard as he tried, he failed.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
省略 if 的虚拟条件句：
Were I you, I would accept it.
Had he studied harder, he would have passed.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the trip.
so...that 结构中 so 位于句首：
So fast did he run that I couldn't catch him.
10. 强调句
10.1 基本结构
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分
强调主语：
It was Tom who/that broke the window.
强调宾语：
It was the window that Tom broke.
强调时间状语：
It was yesterday that Tom broke the window.
强调地点状语：
It was in the room that the meeting was held.
10.2 强调句的判断
把 It is/was...that 去掉，句子仍然完整，则是强调句。
例：
It was yesterday that I met him.
→ Yesterday I met him.（完整，是强调句）
It was clear that he was lying.
→ Clear he was lying.（不完整，不是强调句，是主语从句）
10.3 强调句的时态
原句是一般现在时/现在进行时/现在完成时等，用 It is
原句是一般过去时/过去进行时/过去完成时等，用 It was
例：
It is Tom who is speaking.
It was yesterday that I met him.
11. 虚拟语气
11.1 概述
虚拟语气表示说话人的假设、愿望、建议等，不是客观事实。
11.2 if 条件句中的虚拟语气
与现在事实相反
结构：If + 主语 + 过去式（be 用 were），主语 + would/should/could/might + 动词原形
例：
If I were you, I would accept the offer.
If he had time, he would help us.
If I knew the answer, I would tell you.
与过去事实相反
结构：If + 主语 + had + 过去分词，主语 + would/should/could/might + have + 过去分词
例：
If I had known the truth, I would have told you.
If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
与将来事实相反
结构：
1. If + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + would + 动词原形
2. If + 主语 + should + 动词原形，主语 + would + 动词原形
3. If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形，主语 + would + 动词原形
例：
If it rained tomorrow, I would stay at home.
If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
省略 if 的倒装
Were I you, I would accept it.
Had he studied harder, he would have passed.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the trip.
混合虚拟语气
从句与主句时间不一致：
从句与过去相反，主句与现在相反：
If he had studied harder before, he would have a better job now.
从句与现在相反，主句与过去相反：
If I were not busy now, I would have gone with you yesterday.
11.3 wish 后的虚拟语气
与现在相反：wish + 过去式
I wish I were a bird.
I wish I knew the answer.
与过去相反：wish + had + 过去分词
I wish I had studied harder.
I wish I had gone to the party.
与将来相反：wish + would/could + 动词原形
I wish you would be quiet.
I wish I could fly.
11.4 as if/as though 后的虚拟语气
与现在相反：过去式
He talks as if he knew everything.
与过去相反：had + 过去分词
He talks as if he had been to the moon.
注意：如果可能是真实的，用陈述语气
It looks as if it is going to rain.（可能真的要下雨）
11.5 表示建议、命令、要求的虚拟语气
动词：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, insist, demand, require, request, order, command 等
结构：主语 + 动词 + that + 主语 + (should) + 动词原形
例：
I suggest that he (should) go at once.
The doctor recommended that she (should) take a rest.
He insisted that we (should) be honest.
注意：当 suggest 表示"暗示"、insist 表示"坚持认为"时，不用虚拟语气
His expression suggested that he was angry.
He insisted that he was innocent.
11.6 It is + adj. + that... 虚拟语气
形容词：important, necessary, essential, vital, urgent, strange, natural 等
结构：It is + adj. + that + 主语 + (should) + 动词原形
例：
It is important that we (should) learn English well.
It is necessary that he (should) be told the truth.
It is strange that he (should) say such a thing.
11.7 其他虚拟语气
It is high time that...：过去式
It is high time that we went home.
It is high time that we should go home.
would rather 后：
- 与现在/将来相反：过去式
I would rather you came tomorrow.
- 与过去相反：过去完成式
I would rather you had come yesterday.
If only...：
If only I knew the answer!（与现在相反）
If only I had known the answer!（与过去相反）
12. 直接引语与间接引语
12.1 概述
直接引语：直接引用说话人的原话，用引号
He said, "I am tired."
间接引语：转述说话人的话，不用引号
He said that he was tired.
12.2 人称变化
第一人称 → 转述人的人称
"I am tired," he said. → He said that he was tired.
第二人称 → 转述对象的人称
"You are right," he said to me. → He told me that I was right.
第三人称 → 不变
"She is busy," he said. → He said that she was busy.
12.3 时态变化
直接引语 → 间接引语
一般现在时 → 一般过去时
"I am tired," he said. → He said that he was tired.
现在进行时 → 过去进行时
"I am working," he said. → He said that he was working.
现在完成时 → 过去完成时
"I have finished," he said. → He said that he had finished.
一般过去时 → 过去完成时
"I saw him," he said. → He said that he had seen him.
过去完成时 → 过去完成时（不变）
"I had seen him," he said. → He said that he had seen him.
一般将来时 → 过去将来时
"I will come," he said. → He said that he would come.
can → could
may → might
must → had to
时态不变的情况：
1. 客观真理
"The earth goes around the sun," he said. → He said that the earth goes around the sun.
2. 引述动词是现在时
He says, "I am tired." → He says that he is tired.
3. 引述的动作还在进行或还没发生
He said, "I will come tomorrow." → He said that he will come tomorrow.（明天还没到）
12.4 时间和地点状语变化
直接引语 → 间接引语
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
tomorrow → the next day / the following day
this week → that week
last week → the week before / the previous week
next week → the next week / the following week
here → there
ago → before
12.5 疑问句的间接引语
一般疑问句：用 if/whether 引导
"Are you tired?" he asked. → He asked if/whether I was tired.
特殊疑问句：用原疑问词引导
"What are you doing?" he asked. → He asked what I was doing.
注意：疑问句变成间接引语后，用陈述语序
"Where do you live?" he asked. → He asked where I lived.
12.6 祈使句的间接引语
用 tell/ask/order 等动词 + 宾语 + 不定式
"Open the door," he said. → He told me to open the door.
"Don't be late," he said. → He told me not to be late.
"Please help me," she said. → She asked me to help her.
13. 常见句型结构
13.1 There be 句型
基本结构：There + be + 名词 + 地点/时间状语
时态变化：
There is/are...（一般现在时）
There was/were...（一般过去时）
There will be...（一般将来时）
There has/have been...（现在完成时）
There must be...（情态动词）
例：
There is a book on the desk.
There are many students in the classroom.
There will be a meeting tomorrow.
There must be something wrong.
注意：
- 主谓一致：There is a book and two pens.（就近原则）
- 非谓语形式：There is no use crying. / There is no time to lose.
13.2 It 句型
1. it 作形式主语
It is important to learn English.
It is no use crying.
It is obvious that he is lying.
2. it 作形式宾语
I find it difficult to learn English.
I think it important that we study hard.
3. it 强调句
It was yesterday that I met him.
4. it 指时间、天气、距离等
It is 8 o'clock.
It is raining.
It is a long way from here.
13.3 感叹句
What + 名词短语：
What a beautiful girl (she is)!
What beautiful flowers (they are)!
What bad weather (it is)!
How + 形容词/副词：
How beautiful the girl is!
How fast he runs!
How time flies!
13.4 反意疑问句
结构：陈述句 + 简短问句
基本原则：前肯后否，前否后肯
例：
He is a teacher, isn't he?
He isn't a teacher, is he?
They can swim, can't they?
She will come, won't she?
特殊情况：
1. I am... → aren't I?
I am late, aren't I?
2. Let's... → shall we?
Let's go, shall we?
3. Let us... → will you?
Let us go, will you?
4. 祈使句 → will you?
Open the door, will you?
Don't be late, will you?
5. 含有否定词的句子视为否定：
He seldom goes out, does he?
He never tells lies, does he?
6. 主从复合句：与主句一致
He said he would come, didn't he?
I think he is right, isn't he?（注意：与从句一致）
13.5 并列句
并列连词：and, but, or, so, for, while
例：
I like English and he likes math.
He is poor but happy.
Hurry up, or you will be late.
It rained, so we stayed at home.
连接副词：however, therefore, otherwise, besides, moreover
（注意用分号或句号连接）
例：
He is young; however, he is very experienced.
He didn't study hard; therefore, he failed.
14. 易混淆语法点
14.1 a/an/the 的区别
a/an：泛指，第一次提到
the：特指，再次提到
I saw a cat. The cat was black.
14.2 few/a few/little/a little
few/little：很少，几乎没有（否定含义）
a few/a little：有一些（肯定含义）
few + 可数名词
little + 不可数名词
例：
He has few friends.（他几乎没有朋友）
He has a few friends.（他有一些朋友）
There is little water.（几乎没有水）
There is a little water.（有一些水）
14.3 too/also/either
too：用于肯定句，句末
He is a student. I am a student, too.
also：用于肯定句，句中
He is also a student.
either：用于否定句，句末
He isn't a student. I am not a student, either.
14.4 already/yet/still
already：已经，用于肯定句
I have already finished.
yet：还，用于否定句和疑问句
I haven't finished yet.
Have you finished yet?
still：仍然，用于各种句式
He is still working.
14.5 so/such
so + 形容词/副词
so beautiful, so quickly
such + 名词短语
such a beautiful girl, such beautiful weather
so + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 = such + a/an + 形容词 + 名词
so beautiful a girl = such a beautiful girl
14.6 used to/be used to
used to do：过去常常做某事（现在不做了）
He used to smoke, but now he doesn't.
be used to doing：习惯于做某事
He is used to getting up early.
be used to do：被用来做某事
Wood is used to make paper.
14.7 have sb. do/have sb. doing/have sth. done
have sb. do：让某人做某事
I had him repair the bike.
have sb. doing：让某人一直做某事
He had us laughing all the time.
have sth. done：让某事被做（让别人做）
I had my hair cut.
14.8 raise/rise
raise：及物动词，"举起，提高"
raise one's hand, raise the price
rise：不及物动词，"上升"
The sun rises in the east.
Prices are rising.
14.9 lie/lay
lie - lied - lied：撒谎
He lied to me.
lie - lay - lain：躺，位于
He lay on the bed.
The book lay on the desk.
lay - laid - laid：放置，下蛋
He laid the book on the desk.
The hen laid an egg.
14.10 affect/effect
affect：动词，"影响"
Smoking affects health.
effect：名词，"效果，影响"
Smoking has a bad effect on health.
附录：常用不规则动词表
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| cut | cut | cut |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| get | got | got/gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| show | showed | shown |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
多读多练，共同进步！
- 共勉！*
