SGI-STL 空间配置器深度源码剖析:内存管理的思考

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SGI-STL 空间配置器深度源码剖析

引言:空间配置器的概述

SGI-STL的源码早些年便已读过,这个版本的源代码个人认为是可读性最佳的一个,也是为了做下笔记记录方便往后的查询,在此记录下其设计实现的一些技巧,接下来言归正传吧。

以 STL 的运用角度而言,空间配置器其实是最不需要介绍的东西,它总是隐藏在容器设计的背后,默默付出;

但若以 STL 的实现角度而言,反而第一个需要介绍的就是空间配置器,因为整个STL的操作对象(所有的数值)都存放在容器之内,而容器一定需要配置空间以置放资料;

因此理解容器组件的实现的前提是需要我们了解空间配置器的原理。以下将从源码角度深入剖析 SGI-STL 空间配置器的实现机制。

空间配置器的核心设计:分离内存管理与对象生命周期

STL 的空间配置器负责容器背后的内存分配与释放、对象构造与析构,它直接影响着 STL 的性能与可靠性,而在 SGI-STL 的空间配置器,存在一个核心设计原则:将内存分配 / 释放与对象构造 / 析构分离

其定义在<memory>文件中,SGI<memory>内含以下两个文件,而其上所述的分离正体现在这两个核心头文件的分工上:

  • stl_alloc.h,专注于原始内存的分配与释放(字节级操作);
  • stl_construct.h,负责对象的构造与析构(类型相关操作)。

image.png

stl_construct.h:对象生命周期的控制器

stl_construct.h实现了对象构造与析构的核心逻辑,通过两个核心函数完成类型感知的操作:构造用的_Construct()和析构用的 _Destroy()

image.png

构造函数:placement-new 的封装

用于在指定内存地址上构造对象,本质上是对 placement new 的封装。

// 带参数的构造:在已分配内存上构造对象
template <class _T1, class _T2>
inline void _Construct(_T1* __p, const _T2& __value) {
    new ((void*) __p) _T1(__value); // placement-new:只调用构造函数,不分配内存
}

// 无参数的构造:默认初始化
template <class _T1>
inline void _Construct(_T1* __p) {
    new ((void*) __p) _T1();
}

placement-new技术关键

placement new 是 C++ 中一种特殊的 new 运算符用法,它允许在预先分配的内存地址上构造对象,而不是由 new 自动分配新内存,将内存分配与对象初始化彻底分离。其语法形式如下:

#include <new>  // 必须包含此头文件

// 在指定地址 p 上构造一个 T 类型的对象,参数为 T 的构造函数参数
new (p) T(构造函数参数);

其中 p 是一个指向已分配内存的指针(需确保内存大小足够容纳 T 类型对象,且对齐方式符合 T 的要求);调用后,p 指向的原始内存会通过调用 T 的构造函数,被初始化为有效的 T 类型对象。

这为容器的内存预分配(如vector::reserve)提供了底层支持。承载了内存池的优化,避免了频繁使用普通 new/delete 会导致内存碎片以及通过内存池预先分配大块内存,再用 placement new 在上面构造对象的方式,减少了内存碎片和分配开销。

通过 placement new 构造的对象,必须手动调用析构函数(obj->~T())完成对象销毁,再根据内存的分配方式(如 malloc/new[]),用对应的方式(free/delete[])释放底层内存;

若未手动调用析构函数,对象内部持有的内存无法被释放,会直接导致内存泄漏。

析构函数:显式调用析构函数

调用析构函数,用于销毁对象,但不释放内存,内存释放由空间配置器负责,并且在实现设计上区分了单个对象和范围对象的销毁,并针对 “trivial 析构函数” 做了优化。

// 单个对象析构
template <class _Tp>
inline void _Destroy(_Tp* __pointer) {
    __pointer->~_Tp();  // 显式调用析构函数,不释放内存
}

// 范围析构:针对迭代器指定的区间
template <class _ForwardIterator>
inline void _Destroy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last) {
    __destroy(__first, __last, __VALUE_TYPE(__first));
}

__VALUE_TYPE 的底层实现与作用

在范围析构的代码中,__VALUE_TYPE(__first)SGI-STL 迭代器特性萃取体系的宏封装,用于在编译期萃取出迭代器指向的元素类型(value_type) ,为后续的析构优化提供类型依据。

__VALUE_TYPE 是定义在 stl_iterator_base.h 中的宏,其底层依赖 iterator_traits迭代器特性萃取器和 __value_type 辅助函数实现:

template <class _Iterator>
struct iterator_traits {
  typedef typename _Iterator::iterator_category iterator_category;
  typedef typename _Iterator::value_type        value_type;
  typedef typename _Iterator::difference_type   difference_type;
  typedef typename _Iterator::pointer           pointer;
  typedef typename _Iterator::reference         reference;
};

template <class _Tp>
struct iterator_traits<_Tp*> {
  typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
  typedef _Tp                         value_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t                   difference_type;
  typedef _Tp*                        pointer;
  typedef _Tp&                        reference;
};

template <class _Tp>
struct iterator_traits<const _Tp*> {
  typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
  typedef _Tp                         value_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t                   difference_type;
  typedef const _Tp*                  pointer;
  typedef const _Tp&                  reference;
};

// The overloaded functions iterator_category, distance_type, and
// value_type are not part of the C++ standard.  (They have been
// replaced by struct iterator_traits.)  They are included for
// backward compatibility with the HP STL.

// We introduce internal names for these functions.

template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category
__iterator_category(const _Iter&)
{
  typedef typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category _Category;
  return _Category();
}

template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::difference_type*
__distance_type(const _Iter&)
{
  return static_cast<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::difference_type*>(0);
}

template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*
__value_type(const _Iter&)
{
  return static_cast<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*>(0);
}

template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::iterator_category
iterator_category(const _Iter& __i) { return __iterator_category(__i); }


template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::difference_type*
distance_type(const _Iter& __i) { return __distance_type(__i); }

template <class _Iter>
inline typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*
value_type(const _Iter& __i) { return __value_type(__i); }

#define __ITERATOR_CATEGORY(__i) __iterator_category(__i)
#define __DISTANCE_TYPE(__i)     __distance_type(__i)
#define __VALUE_TYPE(__i)        __value_type(__i)

__VALUE_TYPE 依托 iterator_traits 模板在编译期完成迭代器 value_type 的推导,且实现支持泛型兼容:对于 vector<int>::iterator 等自定义迭代器,直接读取其内部定义的 value_type 成员;对于 int*/const int* 等原生指针,则依靠 iterator_traits 的偏特化版本,明确其 value_type 为指针指向的原始类型(如 const int*value_type 仍为 int,而非 const int)。整个推导过程仅在编译期完成,目的是精准获取迭代器指向的元素类型,而非返回可访问的有效指针。

同时,__VALUE_TYPE 底层调用的 __value_type 函数,返回值为 static_cast<typename iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type*>(0),即把空指针常量 0 强制转换为对应 value_type 的指针类型。该操作仅返回值为 0 的无效空指针,运行时无内存分配、无计算逻辑等额外开销,仅通过指针类型传递编译期推导的 value_type 信息。

而这一类型信息正是范围对象销毁逻辑的核心依据,范围对象销毁通过 __destroy 辅助函数实现,__destroy 会基于 __VALUE_TYPE 推导的 value_type,结合 __type_traits 判断对象是否拥有 trivial 析构函数(即无需实际执行的析构函数,如 int/char 等基本类型);若析构函数为 trivial(__true_type),则直接跳过析构操作以避免无用循环,优化性能;若析构函数为非 trivial(__false_type)(如 string/vector 等自定义类型),则遍历迭代器区间,逐个调用对象析构函数完成资源清理。

// 根据类型是否有trivial析构函数选择不同策略
template <class _ForwardIterator, class _Tp>
inline void __destroy(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Tp*) {
    typedef typename __type_traits<_Tp>::has_trivial_destructor _Trivial_destructor;
    __destroy_aux(__first, __last, _Trivial_destructor());  // 类型特性决定行为
}

// 非trivial析构函数:逐个调用析构
template <class _ForwardIterator>
void __destroy_aux(_ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, __false_type) {
    for ( ; __first != __last; ++__first)
        destroy(&*__first);
}

// trivial析构函数:直接返回(无操作)
template <class _ForwardIterator> 
inline void __destroy_aux(_ForwardIterator, _ForwardIterator, __true_type) {}

其中,存在基本类型特化,对 char*int* 等基本类型指针,其 _Destroy 为空函数,鉴于其基本类型没有析构函数,因此无需处理。

inline void _Destroy(char*, char*) {}
inline void _Destroy(int*, int*) {}
inline void _Destroy(long*, long*) {}
inline void _Destroy(float*, float*) {}
inline void _Destroy(double*, double*) {}
#ifdef __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T
inline void _Destroy(wchar_t*, wchar_t*) {}
#endif /* __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T */

__type_traits技术关键

在析构函数的实现当中,类型特性__type_traits机制的处理,让程序在编译时确定类型的属性,并基于这些属性实现了条件编译和函数重载,从而优化代码性能或确保类型安全。其实现在 SGI STL 的 type_traits.h 头文件里面,封装了早期类型特性的设计思想,并为后续 C++ 标准中的 std::type_traits 奠定了基础。其具体源码如下,便不做截断展示了:

/*
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1997
 * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
 * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
 * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
 * representations about the suitability of this software for any
 * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
 */

#ifndef __TYPE_TRAITS_H
#define __TYPE_TRAITS_H

#ifndef __STL_CONFIG_H
#include <stl_config.h>
#endif

/*
This header file provides a framework for allowing compile time dispatch
based on type attributes. This is useful when writing template code.
For example, when making a copy of an array of an unknown type, it helps
to know if the type has a trivial copy constructor or not, to help decide
if a memcpy can be used.

The class template __type_traits provides a series of typedefs each of
which is either __true_type or __false_type. The argument to
__type_traits can be any type. The typedefs within this template will
attain their correct values by one of these means:
    1. The general instantiation contain conservative values which work
       for all types.
    2. Specializations may be declared to make distinctions between types.
    3. Some compilers (such as the Silicon Graphics N32 and N64 compilers)
       will automatically provide the appropriate specializations for all
       types.

EXAMPLE:

//Copy an array of elements which have non-trivial copy constructors
template <class T> void copy(T* source, T* destination, int n, __false_type);
//Copy an array of elements which have trivial copy constructors. Use memcpy.
template <class T> void copy(T* source, T* destination, int n, __true_type);

//Copy an array of any type by using the most efficient copy mechanism
template <class T> inline void copy(T* source,T* destination,int n) {
   copy(source, destination, n,
        typename __type_traits<T>::has_trivial_copy_constructor());
}
*/


struct __true_type {
};

struct __false_type {
};

template <class _Tp>
struct __type_traits { 
   typedef __true_type     this_dummy_member_must_be_first;
                   /* Do not remove this member. It informs a compiler which
                      automatically specializes __type_traits that this
                      __type_traits template is special. It just makes sure that
                      things work if an implementation is using a template
                      called __type_traits for something unrelated. */

   /* The following restrictions should be observed for the sake of
      compilers which automatically produce type specific specializations 
      of this class:
          - You may reorder the members below if you wish
          - You may remove any of the members below if you wish
          - You must not rename members without making the corresponding
            name change in the compiler
          - Members you add will be treated like regular members unless
            you add the appropriate support in the compiler. */
 

   typedef __false_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __false_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __false_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __false_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __false_type    is_POD_type;
};



// Provide some specializations.  This is harmless for compilers that
//  have built-in __types_traits support, and essential for compilers
//  that don't.

#ifndef __STL_NO_BOOL

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<bool> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#endif /* __STL_NO_BOOL */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<char> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<signed char> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned char> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#ifdef __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<wchar_t> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#endif /* __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<short> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned short> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<int> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned int> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<long> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned long> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#ifdef __STL_LONG_LONG

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<long long> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned long long> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#endif /* __STL_LONG_LONG */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<float> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<double> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<long double> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#ifdef __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION

template <class _Tp>
struct __type_traits<_Tp*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#else /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<signed char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<unsigned char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<const char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<const signed char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct __type_traits<const unsigned char*> {
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_default_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_copy_constructor;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_assignment_operator;
   typedef __true_type    has_trivial_destructor;
   typedef __true_type    is_POD_type;
};

#endif /* __STL_CLASS_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION */


// The following could be written in terms of numeric_limits.  
// We're doing it separately to reduce the number of dependencies.

template <class _Tp> struct _Is_integer {
      typedef __false_type _Integral;
};

#ifndef __STL_NO_BOOL

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<bool> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

#endif /* __STL_NO_BOOL */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<char> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<signed char> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<unsigned char> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

#ifdef __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<wchar_t> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

#endif /* __STL_HAS_WCHAR_T */

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<short> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<unsigned short> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<int> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<unsigned int> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<long> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<unsigned long> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

#ifdef __STL_LONG_LONG

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<long long> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

__STL_TEMPLATE_NULL struct _Is_integer<unsigned long long> {
  typedef __true_type _Integral;
};

#endif /* __STL_LONG_LONG */

#endif /* __TYPE_TRAITS_H */

// Local Variables:
// mode:C++
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可见,类型特性的实现依赖于两个基础标记类型:__true_type 与 __false_type

struct __true_type {}; 
struct __false_type {};

__true_type__false_type 是两个空结构体,本身无任何成员变量或成员函数,仅作为编译期布尔值的语义标记__true_type 表示 “真”,__false_type 表示 “假”,通过这两个类型来实现实现编译时的分支选择。

__type_traits,是整个类型特性系统的核心模板,它为任意类型 _Tp 定义了 6 个核心属性,默认值均为 __false_type,但会通过特化版本为基础类型(如 intchar 等)赋予正确值。其字段解析如下:

  • this_dummy_member_must_be_first:特殊标记成员,不表示任何类型特性,用于告知编译器该__type_traitsSTL 内部特殊模板,以区分用户自定义的同名模板,确保编译器自动特化时正确识别。
  • has_trivial_default_constructor:标识类型是否有 trivial 默认构造函数trivial 默认构造函数由编译器自动生成,无自定义逻辑,仅完成成员默认初始化(如 intchar 等基础类型;若自定义类显式定义默认构造函数则为非 trivial,即该属性为 __false_type)。
  • has_trivial_copy_constructor:标识类型是否有 trivial 拷贝构造函数trivial 拷贝构造函数由编译器自动生成,仅对成员变量逐位浅拷贝,无自定义逻辑(如数组、基础类型;若类含指针且自定义拷贝构造函数实现深拷贝则为非 trivial,即__false_type)。
  • has_trivial_assignment_operator:标识类型是否有 trivial 赋值运算符trivial 赋值运算符由编译器自动生成,仅对成员变量逐位赋值,无自定义逻辑(与拷贝构造函数类似,若自定义赋值运算符处理资源管理则为非 trivial,即__false_type)。
  • has_trivial_destructor:标识类型是否有 trivial 析构函数。由编译器自动生成,无自定义清理逻辑(不释放动态内存、不调用其他对象析构函数等,如 int、指针;若类包含动态内存且自定义析构函数释放资源则为非 trivial,即__false_type)。
  • is_POD_type:标识类型是否为 POD 类型(Plain Old Data,简单旧数据类型)。POD 类型与 C 语言兼容,需满足无自定义构造 / 析构函数、无虚函数、无基类、成员均为 POD 类型等(如基础类型、指针、POD 类型数组;若含自定义构造函数的类则不是)。

此外,需明确一点,空结构体(如struct __true_type {};)设计的本质,它是“语义标记” 而非 “数据容器”。在设计上,空结构体无成员变量、无虚函数(避免虚表指针带来的内存开销),仅作为一种 “类型标记” ,通过 “类型本身” 传递语义(比如以上表示的 “真”和“假”);在内存上,C++ 标准明确规定任何对象(包括空结构体的对象)的大小都不能为 0,因此它会占用至少1字节,仅作地址占位,不占用额外有效内存,确保每个对象都有独立唯一的内存地址。

stl_alloc.h:内存分配的优化引擎

对象构造前的空间配置和对象析构后的空间释放,由stl_alloc.h负责, SGI对此的设计哲学如下: //未完