使用Python和Robot Framework编写前端测试用例教程

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使用Python和Robot Framework编写前端测试用例教程

Robot Framework是一个基于Python的通用自动化测试框架，特别适合编写Web前端测试用例。以下是详细教程：

1. 环境搭建

安装必要的包

pip install robotframework
pip install robotframework-seleniumlibrary
pip install selenium

下载浏览器驱动

将驱动添加到系统PATH中。

2. 基础项目结构

project/
├── tests/
│   ├── __init__.robot
│   ├── login_tests.robot
│   └── search_tests.robot
├── resources/
│   ├── common.robot
│   ├── page_objects/
│   │   ├── login_page.robot
│   │   └── home_page.robot
│   └── variables.robot
└── results/

3. 编写第一个测试用例

创建基础资源文件

resources/variables.robot

*** Variables ***
${BROWSER}        chrome
${URL}            https://example.com
${DELAY}          0.5

resources/common.robot

*** Settings ***
Library    SeleniumLibrary

*** Keywords ***
Open Browser To Login Page
    Open Browser    ${URL}    ${BROWSER}
    Maximize Browser Window
    Set Selenium Speed    ${DELAY}
    Login Page Should Be Open

Login Page Should Be Open
    Title Should Be    Login Page

Go To Login Page
    Go To    ${URL}/login
    Login Page Should Be Open

创建页面对象

resources/page_objects/login_page.robot

*** Variables ***
${USERNAME_FIELD}    id=username
${PASSWORD_FIELD}    id=password  
${LOGIN_BUTTON}      id=loginBtn
${ERROR_MESSAGE}     css=.error-message

*** Keywords ***
Input Username
    [Arguments]    ${username}
    Input Text    ${USERNAME_FIELD}    ${username}

Input Password
    [Arguments]    ${password}
    Input Text    ${PASSWORD_FIELD}    ${password}

Click Login Button
    Click Button    ${LOGIN_BUTTON}

Login Should Succeed
    Location Should Be    ${URL}/dashboard
    Title Should Be       Dashboard

Login Should Fail With Message
    [Arguments]    ${expected_message}
    Wait Until Element Is Visible    ${ERROR_MESSAGE}
    Element Text Should Be    ${ERROR_MESSAGE}    ${expected_message}

编写测试用例

tests/login_tests.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation    登录功能测试用例
Library          SeleniumLibrary
Resource         ../resources/common.robot
Resource         ../resources/page_objects/login_page.robot
Suite Setup      Open Browser To Login Page
Suite Teardown   Close All Browsers
Test Setup       Go To Login Page

*** Test Cases ***
Valid Login
    [Documentation]    测试有效登录
    Input Username     testuser
    Input Password     testpass123
    Click Login Button
    Login Should Succeed

Invalid Username
    [Documentation]    测试无效用户名
    Input Username     invaliduser
    Input Password     testpass123
    Click Login Button
    Login Should Fail With Message    Invalid username or password

Invalid Password  
    [Documentation]    测试无效密码
    Input Username     testuser
    Input Password     wrongpassword
    Click Login Button
    Login Should Fail With Message    Invalid username or password

Empty Credentials
    [Documentation]    测试空凭证
    Click Login Button
    Login Should Fail With Message    Please enter username and password

4. 高级测试用例示例

数据驱动测试

tests/data_driven_login.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation    数据驱动的登录测试
Library          SeleniumLibrary
Resource         ../resources/common.robot
Resource         ../resources/page_objects/login_page.robot
Test Template    Login With Invalid Credentials Should Fail

*** Test Cases ***    USERNAME        PASSWORD        EXPECTED_ERROR
Invalid Username      invalid_user    correct_pass    Invalid username
Invalid Password      valid_user      wrong_pass      Invalid password
Empty Username        ${EMPTY}        testpass        Please enter username
Empty Password        testuser        ${EMPTY}        Please enter password

*** Keywords ***
Login With Invalid Credentials Should Fail
    [Arguments]    ${username}    ${password}    ${expected_error}
    Go To Login Page
    Input Username    ${username}
    Input Password    ${password}
    Click Login Button
    Login Should Fail With Message    ${expected_error}

复杂交互测试

tests/search_tests.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation    搜索功能测试
Library          SeleniumLibrary
Resource         ../resources/common.robot
Suite Setup      Open Browser To Login Page
Suite Teardown   Close All Browsers

*** Variables ***
${SEARCH_FIELD}      id=search
${SEARCH_BUTTON}     id=searchBtn
${RESULTS_CONTAINER}    css=.search-results

*** Keywords ***
Perform Search
    [Arguments]    ${search_term}
    Input Text    ${SEARCH_FIELD}    ${search_term}
    Click Element    ${SEARCH_BUTTON}
    Wait Until Element Is Visible    ${RESULTS_CONTAINER}

Verify Search Results Contain
    [Arguments]    ${expected_text}
    Element Should Contain    ${RESULTS_CONTAINER}    ${expected_text}

Verify No Results Message
    Element Should Contain    ${RESULTS_CONTAINER}    No results found

*** Test Cases ***
Successful Search
    [Documentation]    测试成功搜索
    Perform Search    Robot Framework
    Verify Search Results Contain    Robot Framework

Search With Special Characters
    [Documentation]    测试特殊字符搜索
    Perform Search    @#$%test
    Verify Search Results Contain    test

Empty Search
    [Documentation]    测试空搜索
    Perform Search    ${EMPTY}
    Verify No Results Message

5. 自定义Python库

创建自定义关键字库 libraries/custom_keywords.py：

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from SeleniumLibrary import SeleniumLibrary

class CustomKeywords:
    
    def __init__(self, selenium: SeleniumLibrary):
        self.selenium = selenium
    
    def wait_for_element_and_click(self, locator, timeout=10):
        """等待元素可点击后点击"""
        driver = self.selenium.driver
        element = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout).until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable(locator)
        )
        element.click()
    
    def take_screenshot_with_timestamp(self, filename_prefix="screenshot"):
        """带时间戳的截图"""
        from datetime import datetime
        timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
        filename = f"{filename_prefix}_{timestamp}.png"
        self.selenium.capture_page_screenshot(filename)
        return filename

在Robot Framework中使用：

*** Settings ***
Library    ../libraries/custom_keywords.py

*** Test Cases ***
Test With Custom Keyword
    Wait For Element And Click    id=submitBtn
    ${screenshot}    Take Screenshot With Timestamp    login_test
    Log    Screenshot saved as: ${screenshot}

6. 运行和报告

运行测试

# 运行所有测试
robot tests/

# 运行特定测试文件
robot tests/login_tests.robot

# 运行带有标签的测试
robot --include smoke tests/

# 生成详细报告
robot --outputdir results --log login_log.html --report login_report.html tests/

配置文件

robot.yml

default:
  outputdir: results
  log: log.html
  report: report.html
  include: smoke
  exclude: broken
  metadata:
    Version: 1.0
    Environment: TEST

7. 最佳实践

  1. 页面对象模式: 将页面元素和操作封装成关键字
  2. 数据驱动: 使用Test Template进行数据驱动测试
  3. 标签管理: 使用标签分类测试用例
  4. 错误处理: 合理使用等待和异常处理
  5. 模块化设计: 将通用功能提取到资源文件中

8. 常用断言和操作

# 元素操作
Click Element    id=button
Input Text       id=inputField    Hello World
Select From List By Value    id=dropdown    option1

# 断言
Page Should Contain    Welcome
Element Should Be Visible    id=successMessage
Element Should Be Enabled    id=submitBtn
Checkbox Should Be Selected    id=agreeCheckbox

# 等待
Wait Until Page Contains    Loading complete    10s
Wait Until Element Is Visible    id=results    5s

# 浏览器操作
Go To    https://newpage.com
Go Back
Reload Page
Get Location    # 获取当前URL

这个教程涵盖了Robot Framework前端测试的基础和进阶用法。通过合理的项目结构和关键字设计，可以创建可维护性强、可读性好的前端自动化测试用例。

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