国产操作系统实验指导-实验03：文本信息处理

棒棒堂智能运维
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一、实验目的

1、掌握文本查看的方法；

2、掌握文本编辑的方法；

3、掌握文本信息处理相关命令。

二、实验学时

2 学时

三、实验类型

验证性

四、实验需求

1、硬件

每人配备计算机 1 台。

2、软件

安装VMware WorkStation Pro或Oracle VM VirtualBox软件，安装Mobaxterm软件。

3、网络

本地主机与虚拟机能够访问互联网，虚拟机网络不使用DHCP服务。

4、工具

无。

五、实验任务

1、完成文本内容的查看；

2、完成文本内容的编辑；

3、完成文本信息处理的操作；

4、使用文本信息处理工具进行日志分析。

六、实验环境

1、本实验需要VM 1台；

2、本实验VM配置信息如下表所示；

虚拟机配置操作系统配置
虚拟机名称：VM-Lab-03-Task-01-172.31.0.131主机名：Lab-03-Task-01
内存：1GBIP地址：172.31.0.131
CPU：1颗，1核心子网掩码：255.255.255.0
虚拟磁盘：20GB网关：172.31.0.254
网卡：1块DNS：172.31.0.254

3、本实验拓扑图。

无

4、本实验操作演示视频。

本实验操作演示视频为视频集的第3集：www.bilibili.com/video/BV1iH…

七、实验内容及步骤

1、文本内容查看

（1）短文本查看

通过cat命令可查看文本内容。

# 查看/etc/目录下的profile文件的内容
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# cat /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
}
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------profile文件--------------------

# 对profile文件的内容的非空白行进行编号
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# cat -b /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
1  # /etc/profile

2  # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
3  # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

4  # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
5  # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
6  # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
7  # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

8  pathmunge () {
9      case ":${PATH}:" in
10          *:"$1":*)
11              ;;
12          *)
13              if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
14                  PATH=$PATH:$1
15              else
16                  PATH=$1:$PATH
17              fi
18      esac
19  }
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------profile文件--------------------

# 对profile文件的所有内容行进行编号
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# cat -n /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
1  # /etc/profile
2
3  # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
4  # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
5
6  # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
7  # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
8  # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
9  # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
10
11  pathmunge () {
12      case ":${PATH}:" in
13          *:"$1":*)
14              ;;
15          *)
16              if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
17                  PATH=$PATH:$1
18              else
19                  PATH=$1:$PATH
20              fi
21      esac
22  }
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------profile文件--------------------

（2）长文本内容查看

通过more命令可分页查看较长的文本内容。

# 查看/etc/profile文件内容
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# more -dc /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
}
# 此处省略部分内容
# --------------------profile文件--------------------

# 查看/etc/profile文件内容，每五行显示一次，在显示后再清屏
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# more -c -5 /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

--更多--(6%)
# --------------------profile文件--------------------

（3）文本头内容查看

通过head命令可查看文件的开头内容，默认显示前10行。

# 查看前10行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# head /etc/profile
# --------------------profile文件--------------------
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

# --------------------profile文件--------------------
# 查看前2行,并展示文件名
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# head -v -n 2 /etc/profile

（4）文本末尾内容查看

通过tail命令可查看文本的尾部内容，默认显示最后10行。

# 查看最后10行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# tail /etc/passwd
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

# 查看最后2行,并展示文件名
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# tail -v -n 2 /etc/passwd
# --------------------passwd文件--------------------
==> /etc/passwd <==
systemd-oom:x:992:992:systemd Userspace OOM Killer:/:/usr/sbin/nologin
centoslab:x:1000:1002::/home/centoslab:/bin/bash
# --------------------passwd文件--------------------

（5）通过grep命令可搜索指定文件，并显示匹配的行。

# 查看/etc/passwd包含user的文本行的行数
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# grep -c user /etc/passwd
1

# 查看/etc/passwd包含user的文本行，并显示出行号
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# grep -n user /etc/passwd
18:chrony:x:997:994:chrony system user:/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologi

# 查看/etc/passwd以user开头的文本行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# grep '^\user' /etc/passwd

2、文本内容编辑

（1）使用sed对日志文件进行编辑操作。

# 使用sed命令在第二行后面追加测试代码
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# sed '2a #test123456789' /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
Jul 17 09:25:01 qs-dev-plat systemd[1]: Starting Check pmlogger instances are running...
Jul 17 09:25:01 qs-dev-plat systemd[1]: Started Check pmlogger instances are running.
#test123456789
Jul 17 09:25:03 qs-dev-plat systemd[1]: pmlogger_check.service: Succeeded.
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

（2）使用sort对日志文件进行编辑操作。

# 使用sort命令对/var/log/messages排序
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# sort /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
Jul 17 09:10:35 venus journal: Runtime journal is using 8.0M (max allowed 90.9M, trying to leave 136.4M free of 901.6M available → current limit 90.9M).
Jul 18 15:50:00 venus kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars journal: Runtime journal is using 8.0M (max allowed 90.9M, trying to leave 136.4M free of 901.6M available → current limit 90.9M).
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars kernel: #011RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=5120 to nr_cpu_ids=128.
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

（3）使用awk对日志文件进行编辑操作。

# 输出包含 "MySQL" 的行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# awk '/MySQL/ ' /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
Jul 15 14:19:00 Saturn systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 15 14:19:09 Saturn systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
Jul 15 14:19:11 Saturn systemd[1]: Stopping MySQL Server...
Jul 15 14:19:15 Saturn systemd[1]: Stopped MySQL Server.
Jul 15 14:19:22 Saturn systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 15 14:19:25 Saturn systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
Jul 15 14:19:30 Saturn dnf[17828]: MySQL 8.0 Community Server                      5.9 kB/s | 2.6 kB     00:00
Jul 15 14:19:59 Saturn dnf[17828]: MySQL Connectors Community                      5.4 kB/s | 2.6 kB     00:00
Jul 15 14:19:59 Saturn dnf[17828]: MySQL Tools Community                           4.8 kB/s | 2.6 kB     00:00
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

#从文件中找出长度大于360的行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# awk 'length>360' /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
Jul 15 14:07:16 Saturn systemd: systemd 252-15.el9 running in system mode (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX -APPARMOR +IMA +SMACK +SECCOMP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +OPENSSL +ACL +BLKID +CURL +ELFUTILS -FIDO2 +IDN2 -IDN -IPTC +KMOD +LIBCRYPTSETUP +LIBFDISK +PCRE2 -PWQUALITY +P11KIT -QRENCODE +TPM2 +BZIP2 +LZ4 +XZ +ZLIB +ZSTD -BPF_FRAMEWORK +XKBCOMMON +UTMP +SYSVINIT default-hierarchy=unified)
Jul 15 14:19:22 Saturn systemd: systemd 252-15.el9 running in system mode (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX -APPARMOR +IMA +SMACK +SECCOMP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +OPENSSL +ACL +BLKID +CURL +ELFUTILS -FIDO2 +IDN2 -IDN -IPTC +KMOD +LIBCRYPTSETUP +LIBFDISK +PCRE2 -PWQUALITY +P11KIT -QRENCODE +TPM2 +BZIP2 +LZ4 +XZ +ZLIB +ZSTD -BPF_FRAMEWORK +XKBCOMMON +UTMP +SYSVINIT default-hierarchy=unified)
Jul 15 14:23:59 Saturn containerd[798]: time="2023-08-12T12:08:37.767774118+08:00" level=info msg="skip loading plugin "io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.aufs"..." error="aufs is not supported (modprobe aufs failed: exit status 1 "modprobe: FATAL: Module aufs not found in directory /lib/modules/5.14.0-333.el9.x86_64\n"): skip plugin" type=io.containerd.snapshotter.v1
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

（4）使用uniq对日志文件进行编辑操作。

# 使用uniq删除重复行 
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# uniq /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars journal: Runtime journal is using 8.0M (max allowed 90.9M, trying to leave 136.4M free of 901.6M available → current limit 90.9M).
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Jul 15 14:19:59 mars kernel: Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

# 综合应用
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# sed 's/[.*$//' /var/log/messages | sed 's/.{35}//' | sort | uniq -c
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
 sort | uniq -c
      6 -01 auditd
     86 -01 augenrules
      3 -01 bootctl
    119 -01 chronyd
      3 -01 dbus-broker-lau
    140 -01 dracut
      6 -01 dracut-cmdline
     12 -01 dracut-initqueue
      8 -01 kdumpctl
      9 -01 kernel:
      3 -01 kernel: #011Rude variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
      3 -01 kernel: #011Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

3、文本信息处理

（1）使用vi编辑/var/log/message日志内容。

# 在/var/log/messages文件中写入“文本信息处理”的测试文字
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# vi /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
文本信息处理
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: Linux version 5.14.0-333.el9.x86_
64 (mockbuild@x86-05.stream.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat
 11.4.1-2), GNU ld version 2.35.2-42.el9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Wed Jun 28 09:4
7:27 UTC 2023
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: The list of certified hardware an
d cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ec
osystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com.
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msd
os1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-333.el9.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/cs_miwifi--r3600--srv-root r
o crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/mapper/cs_miwifi--r36
00--srv-swap rd.lvm.lv=cs_miwifi-r3600-srv/root rd.lvm.lv=cs_miwifi-r3600-srv/sw
ap
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------messages文件--------------------

（2）使用nano编辑/var/log/message日志内容。

# 下载nano
yum install -y nano
# 在/var/log/messages文件中写入“nano文本信息处理”的测试文字
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# nano /var/log/messages
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
nano文本信息处理
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: Linux version 5.14.0-333.el9.x86_
64 (mockbuild@x86-05.stream.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20230605 (Red Hat
 11.4.1-2), GNU ld version 2.35.2-42.el9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Wed Jun 28 09:4
7:27 UTC 2023
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: The list of certified hardware an
d cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ec
osystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com.
Jul  7 10:04:43 Project-Number-Task-01 kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msd
os1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-333.el9.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/cs_miwifi--r3600--srv-root r
o crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/mapper/cs_miwifi--r36
00--srv-swap rd.lvm.lv=cs_miwifi-r3600-srv/root rd.lvm.lv=cs_miwifi-r3600-srv/sw
ap
# 此处省略了部分提示信息
# --------------------messages文件--------------------
# 使用键盘快捷键ctrl+O写入
# 使用键盘快捷键ctrl+x离开

4、使用文本信息处理工具进行日志分析

（1）linux系统内核和系统日志文件一般由rsyslog软件包提供，目录位置 ：/etc/rsyslog.conf。结合已学命令进行了解系统中关于日志文件的设置。

[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# grep -v “^$” /etc/rsyslog.conf
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------
# rsyslog configuration file

# For more information see /usr/share/doc/rsyslog-*/rsyslog_conf.html
# or latest version online at http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf.html
# If you experience problems, see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/troubleshoot.html

#### MODULES ####

module(load="imuxsock"    # provides support for local system logging (e.g. via logger command)
       SysSock.Use="off") # Turn off message reception via local log socket;
                          # local messages are retrieved through imjournal now.
module(load="imjournal"             # provides access to the systemd journal
       StateFile="imjournal.state") # File to store the position in the journal
#module(load="imklog") # reads kernel messages (the same are read from journald)
#module(load="immark") # provides --MARK-- message capability
# 此处省略部分内容
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------

# 查看前10行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# head /etc/rsyslog.conf
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------
# rsyslog configuration file

# For more information see /usr/share/doc/rsyslog-*/rsyslog_conf.html
# or latest version online at http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf.html
# If you experience problems, see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/troubleshoot.html

#### MODULES ####

module(load="imuxsock"    # provides support for local system logging (e.g. via logger command)
       SysSock.Use="off") # Turn off message reception via local log socket;
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------

# 查看最后10行
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# tail /etc/rsyslog.conf
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------
# An on-disk queue is created for this action. If the remote host is
# down, messages are spooled to disk and sent when it is up again.
#queue.filename="fwdRule1"       # unique name prefix for spool files
#queue.maxdiskspace="1g"         # 1gb space limit (use as much as possible)
#queue.saveonshutdown="on"       # save messages to disk on shutdown
#queue.type="LinkedList"         # run asynchronously
#action.resumeRetryCount="-1"    # infinite retries if host is down
# Remote Logging (we use TCP for reliable delivery)
# remote_host is: name/ip, e.g. 192.168.0.1, port optional e.g. 10514
#Target="remote_host" Port="XXX" Protocol="tcp")
# --------------------rsyslog.conf--------------------
# 使用vi进行编辑/etc/rsyslog.conf
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# vi /etc/rsyslog.conf

（2）查看历史操作命令

使用history命令查看历史操作命令。

[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# history 20 #显示最近20个命令记录
# --------------------history--------------------
   62  hostnamectl set-name Lab-02-Task-01
   63  hostnamectl set-hostname Lab-02-Task-01
   64  reboot
   65  groupadd labs
   66  useradd centoslab
   67  passwd centoslab
   68  cat /etc/profile
   69  cat -b /etc/profile
   70  cat -n /etc/profile
   71  head /etc/profile
   72   tail -v -n 2 /etc/passwd
   73  history
   74  grep -c user /etc/passwd
   75   grep -n user /etc/passwd
   76  grep '^\user' /etc/passwd
   77  more /var/log/messages
   78  vi /var/log/message
   79  vi /var/log/messages
   80  sed 's/[.*$//' /var/log/messages | sed 's/.{35}//' | sort | uniq -c
   81  history 20
# --------------------history--------------------
# 将当前历史命令缓冲区命令写入历史命令文件中
[root@Lab-03-Task-01 ~]# history -w

八、实验考核

实验考核分为【实验智能考】和【实验线上考】两个部分。

实验智能考：通过AI智能体、实验操作日志智能分析等措施，由AI智能对实验学习过程进行综合评分。

实验线上考：每个实验设置10道客观题。通过线上考核平台（如课堂派）进行作答。

实验智能考的成绩占本实验成绩的30%，实验线上考的成绩占本实验成绩的70%。

1、实验智能考

实验1-3为openEuler的基本操作，任课教师设置30个固定任务，AI智能体对固定任务和课程内容学习后建设知识库，形成智能考核系统。由AI智能体自动出题进行考核，最终评定成绩。

2、实验线上考

本实验线上考共10题，其中单选4题、多选1题、判断3题、填空2题。

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