英语的非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）是动词的一种特殊形式，它们不能单独在句子中充当谓语动词，因此不受主语人称和数的限制（即没有第三人称单数的变化）。它们拥有动词的部分特性（如可以带宾语、状语，有时也有时态和语态的变化），但同时可以承担名词、形容词或副词的角色。
主要类型及其基本形式：
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动词不定式
- 主动语态：
to do(一般式),to be doing(进行式),to have done(完成式),to have been doing(完成进行式 - 很少用) - 被动语态：
to be done(一般式),to have been done(完成式)
- 主动语态：
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动名词
- 主动语态：
doing(一般式),having done(完成式 - 强调动作在谓语之前发生) - 被动语态：
being done(一般式),having been done(完成式)
- 主动语态：
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分词
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现在分词
- 主动语态：
doing(一般式),having done(完成式 - 强调动作在谓语之前发生) - 被动语态：
being done(一般式 - 强调正在进行的被动),having been done(完成式 - 很少用)
- 主动语态：
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过去分词 (无 to 不定式的完成被动形式)：
done(只有一种形式，本身表被动和完成意义)
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核心用法详解：
1. 动词不定式 (The Infinitive - to do / to be done etc.)
不定式是最接近动词“原形”的非谓语形式，常带有目的性或意愿性。
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作主语：
**To master** a language takes time and effort.(掌握一门语言...)It is important **to exercise** regularly.(常用It is + adj. + to do结构)
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作表语：
My dream is **to become** a doctor.His goal seems **to be accepted** by that university.
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作宾语：
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某些动词后直接接不定式作宾语：
want, hope, decide, plan, promise, offer, agree, refuse, afford, manage, learn, pretend, threaten, attempt, fail等。She wants **to travel** around the world.He offered **to help**.We decided **to postpone** the meeting.
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某些动词后接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语：
know, learn, decide, wonder, explain, remember, forget等。I don't know **where to go**.He will learn **how to drive**.
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作宾语补足语：
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某些动词后可要求不定式作宾补：
ask, tell, advise, encourage, warn, allow, permit, forbid, expect, want, wish, force, order, persuade, invite, cause等。He asked me **to call** him later.The doctor advised him **to quit** smoking.I expected John **to be** here by now.
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在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补 (主动句中不定式不带 to)：
see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe(感官动词),make, let, have(使役动词)。I heard her **sing**.(主动句中省略 to) - 强调全过程They made him **clean** the room.(主动句中省略 to)- 注意：在被动句中，to 必须加上：
She was heard **to sing**./He was made **to clean** the room.
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作定语：
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常放在被修饰的名词/代词之后，有动宾关系或主谓关系。
I have homework **to finish**.(= homework that I must finish - 动宾关系)He is always the first (person) **to arrive**.(主谓关系)I need a place **to stay**.(动宾关系)
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作状语：
- 表目的：
She works hard **to support** her family.=... in order to / so as to support... - 表结果：
He grew up **to be** a successful businessman./He was **too** young **to understand**./He is old **enough to make** his own decisions. - 表原因：
We were surprised **to hear** the news.=...because we heard the news. - 表评价：
It was stupid **of him to say** that.
- 表目的：
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复合结构（逻辑主语 + 不定式）：
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for + 名词/代词宾格 + to doIt is essential **for everyone to follow** the rules.(for ... to ... 作主语)I bought some books **for you to read**.(作定语)I waited **for him to finish** speaking.(作状语)
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of + 表示人的名词/代词宾格 + to do(常用于描述品质的形容词后)：It was kind **of you to help** me.(= You are kind to help me.)It was brave **of him to challenge** the boss.
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2. 动名词 (The Gerund - doing / being done etc.)
动名词形式上和现在分词完全相同(V-ing)，但它在句子中主要起名词的作用，可以承担名词能充当的大多数句子成分。
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作主语：
**Swimming** is good exercise.**Finding** a parking space downtown is difficult.**Reading aloud** helps improve pronunciation.
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作表语：
His favorite hobby is **collecting** stamps.Seeing is **believing**.(眼见为实)
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作宾语：
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某些动词后必须/只能接动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, avoid, admit, deny, risk, consider, suggest, mind (常用于疑问句或否定句), postpone/delay, miss, imagine, practice, tolerate, quit, escape等。She enjoys **listening** to classical music.Have you finished **writing** your essay?He avoided **answering** the question.I don't mind **waiting**.
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介词后接宾语只能用动名词：
be interested **in (doing sth)**, be good **at (doing sth)**, be capable **of (doing sth)**, think **about/of (doing sth)**, apologize **for (doing sth)**, succeed **in (doing sth)**, prevent... **from (doing sth)**, look forward **to (doing sth)**(注意：这里的to是介词！),be/get used **to (doing sth)**等。He is thinking **about changing** his job.She apologized **for being** late.I'm looking forward **to seeing** you again.He succeeded **in solving** the problem.
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作定语：
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动名词作定语通常表示被修饰名词的用途或功能。置于名词前。
a **swimming** pool(游泳池 - a pool for swimming)a **reading** room(阅览室 - a room for reading)a **sleeping** bag(睡袋 - a bag for sleeping)**drinking** water(饮用水 - water for drinking)
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注意区分：现在分词作定语通常表示正在进行的动作或主动状态（a sleeping baby - 正在睡觉的婴儿）。
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复合结构（逻辑主语 + 动名词）：
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形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 + V-ing： (较正式)
Do you mind **my opening** the window?She doesn't like **his coming** home late.I remember **Tom's complaining** about the food.
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名词普通格/代词宾格 + V-ing： (更常用，尤其在口语中)
Do you mind **me opening** the window?She doesn't like **him coming** home late.I remember **Tom complaining** about the food.
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介词后：
We are excited about **their joining** us.She insisted on **me going** with her.
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3. 分词 (The Participle)
分词分为现在分词 (V-ing) 和过去分词 (V-ed/V3)。它们在句子中主要起形容词或副词的作用。
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作定语：
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现在分词： 表示主动进行的动作或主动状态（通常带有正在进行或未完成的意味）。
a **sleeping** baby(一个正在睡觉的婴儿 - 主动且正在睡觉)a **running** stream(一条流淌的小溪 - 主动且持续的)an **interesting** story(一个有趣的故事 - 描述性质，主动态吸引人)There were some children **playing** in the park.(后置定语)
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过去分词： 表示被动完成的动作或完成的状态（常带有被动的意味）。
**boiled** water(烧开过的水 - 水被烧开了)**written** English(书面英语 - 英语被写出来)a **broken** window(一扇破了的窗户 - 窗户被打破了)The book **written** by Hemingway is a classic.(后置定语)
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作表语：
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现在分词： 描述主语的特征、性质（主语具有引起某种感觉的性质或处于某种状态）。
The film is **exciting**.(电影让人感到兴奋 - 主动性质)The news is **surprising**.(消息是令人惊讶的)The story was **boring**.
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过去分词： 描述主语的状态（主语是承受者，表示主语感到...）。
The audience was **excited**.(观众很兴奋 - 观众感到兴奋)We were **surprised** at the news.(我们对消息感到惊讶)He seems **tired**.I'm **interested** in history.(我对历史感兴趣)
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作状语：
- 分词（短语）作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随等情况。位置灵活，可在句首、句中或句末。现在分词通常表示动作是主句主语发出的（主动关系）；过去分词通常表示主语是该动作的承受者（被动关系）或状态已经完成。
- 时间：
**Walking** along the street, I met an old friend.(= When I was walking...) /**Seen** from the hill, the town looks beautiful.(= When the town is seen...) - 原因：
**Being** ill, he stayed at home.(= Because he was ill...) /**Encouraged** by his friends, he decided to try again.(= Because he was encouraged...) - 条件：
**Working** hard, you will succeed.(= If you work hard...) /**Given** more time, we could do it better.(= If we are given more time...) - 结果：
The fire lasted three days, **causing** huge damage.(= and caused...) - 让步：
**Having failed** many times, he didn't lose hope.(= Although he had failed...) /**Considered** a difficult subject, physics attracts many students.(= Although it is considered...) - 伴随（情况）：
He sat in the sofa, **watching** TV./He came in, **followed** by his dog.(= and he was followed...) - 方式：
The teacher stood there, **surrounded** by students.
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作宾语补足语：
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现在分词： 表示该动作是宾语发出的（主动进行）。
I heard someone **knocking** at the door.(我听到有人在敲门 - 正在敲)Can you smell something **burning**?- `They caught the boy stealing.
We saw the train **leaving**.
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过去分词： 表示宾语是该动作的承受者（被动完成）。
I have my hair **cut**.(我把头发剪了 - 头发被剪了)He got his car **repaired**.Please get your homework **done** before dinner.We found the city **greatly changed**.
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独立主格结构：
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当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，需要将分词的逻辑主语明确写出，构成“名词/代词主格 + 分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语等”的独立结构，在句中作状语。
**The rain having stopped**, we went out for a walk.(时间/原因)**Weather permitting**, we'll go hiking tomorrow.(条件)He stood there, **his hands trembling**.(伴随)**Class over**, the students left the room.She watched the play, **her eyes filled with tears**.He entered the room, **book in hand**.(无动词结构，类似独立主格)
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重要区别与注意事项：
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动名词 (
doing) vs 现在分词 (doing)：-
本质不同： 动名词起名词作用；现在分词起形容词或副词作用。
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位置判断：
- 在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语的通常是动名词 (
Swimming is fun. / I like swimming.)。 - 在句子中修饰名词作定语或修饰动词作状语的通常是现在分词 (
a sleeping baby,He came running.)。作表语时需看主语特征（The book is boring.- 现在分词表性质）还是状态（I am bored.- 过去分词表状态）。 - 在介词后的必然是动名词 (
before leaving,interested in learning)。
- 在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语的通常是动名词 (
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现在分词 (
doing) vs 过去分词 (done)：-
语态差异： 现在分词表主动；过去分词表被动（或完成）。
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时态意义（作状语/定语时）： 现在分词强调进行或同时发生；过去分词强调完成或被动状态。
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作表语时的区别： 现在分词（
-ing）表示“令人感觉…的”；过去分词（-ed）表示“（自己）感到…的”。an exciting film(令人激动的电影) vs.an excited audience(感到激动的观众)boring lessons(乏味的课程) vs.bored students(感到乏味的学生)
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不定式 vs 动名词作宾语：
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这是语法难点！有些动词后只能接不定式，有些只能接动名词，有些两者皆可但意义不同。必须记住常用动词的分类：
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只接不定式：
decide, expect, agree, promise, refuse, manage, afford, learn, seem, appear, fail, choose, plan, wish, hope, offer -
只接动名词：
enjoy, finish, avoid, admit, deny, risk, consider, suggest, mind, postpone, delay, miss, practice, imagine, tolerate, quit, escape, can't help -
接两者意义区别明显：
remember/forget/regret + to do: 记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事（动作未发生）remember/forget/regret + doing: 记得/忘记/遗憾做过某事（动作已发生）stop + to do: 停下来去做另一件事（目的）stop + doing: 停止做某事（动作）try + to do: 努力/试图做某事（尽力去做）try + doing: 尝试做某事（作为一种方法/试验）mean + to do: 打算/意欲做某事（目的）mean + doing: 意味着做某事（含义/结果）be afraid + to do: 害怕（不敢）去做某事（风险）be afraid + of doing: 担心（可能会发生）某事（可能性）go on + to do: 接着做另一件事go on + doing: 继续做同一件事
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逻辑主语与悬垂结构：
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分词（特别是作状语的分词）需要有其明确的逻辑主语，且该逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致。否则会造成悬垂分词的错误。
- 错误：(
**Driving** down the road, a deer suddenly crossed in front of me.) - 谁在开车？似乎是鹿（不合理）。 - 正确：(
**Driving** down the road, **I** saw a deer suddenly cross in front of me.) 或 (When **I** was driving down the road, a deer...)
- 错误：(
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在独立主格结构中，分词的逻辑主语已明确写出，因此不受主句主语限制。
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非谓语动词是英语语法中非常核心和复杂的部分，需要结合大量例句来理解和记忆。使用时务必分析清楚其功能（名词、形容词、副词？）、与相关名词的语态关系（主动？被动？）、与谓语动词的先后关系（同时？之前？）以及是否需要自己的逻辑主语。多阅读、多模仿是掌握它们的关键。你对哪种非谓语动词的用法有特别的疑问吗？或者需要我解释一下动名词和现在分词的具体区分例子？
