# 前端性能优化实战指南
## 1. 资源加载优化
### 1.1 代码拆分与懒加载
```javascript
// 动态导入实现懒加载
const LazyComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent'));
function MyComponent() {
return (
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
);
}
关键点:
- 使用Webpack的SplitChunksPlugin进行代码分割
- 路由级懒加载减少初始包体积
- 图片懒加载使用IntersectionObserver API
1.2 资源预加载
<!-- 关键资源预加载 -->
<link rel="preload" href="critical.css" as="style">
<link rel="prefetch" href="next-page.js" as="script">
优化建议:
- 关键CSS内联到HTML中
- 非关键CSS异步加载
- 字体文件使用
preconnect提前建立连接
2. 渲染性能优化
2.1 虚拟列表优化长列表
// 使用react-window实现虚拟列表
import { FixedSizeList as List } from 'react-window';
const Row = ({ index, style }) => (
<div style={style}>Row {index}</div>
);
const Example = () => (
<List
height={600}
itemCount={1000}
itemSize={35}
width={300}
>
{Row}
</List>
);
2.2 避免强制同步布局
// 错误示例 - 引起布局抖动
function resizeAllParagraphs() {
for (let i = 0; i < paragraphs.length; i++) {
paragraphs[i].style.width = box.offsetWidth + 'px';
}
}
// 正确做法 - 批量读取后再修改
function resizeAllParagraphs() {
const width = box.offsetWidth;
for (let i = 0; i < paragraphs.length; i++) {
paragraphs[i].style.width = width + 'px';
}
}
3. JavaScript优化
3.1 防抖与节流
// 防抖实现
function debounce(func, delay) {
let timer;
return function() {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => func.apply(this, arguments), delay);
};
}
// 节流实现
function throttle(func, limit) {
let inThrottle;
return function() {
if (!inThrottle) {
func.apply(this, arguments);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => inThrottle = false, limit);
}
};
}
3.2 Web Worker处理密集型任务
// 主线程
const worker = new Worker('worker.js');
worker.postMessage(data);
worker.onmessage = (e) => {
console.log('Result:', e.data);
};
// worker.js
self.onmessage = (e) => {
const result = heavyCalculation(e.data);
self.postMessage(result);
};
4. 缓存策略
4.1 Service Worker缓存
// service-worker.js
const CACHE_NAME = 'v1';
const urlsToCache = [
'/',
'/styles/main.css',
'/scripts/main.js'
];
self.addEventListener('install', event => {
event.waitUntil(
caches.open(CACHE_NAME)
.then(cache => cache.addAll(urlsToCache))
);
});
self.addEventListener('fetch', event => {
event.respondWith(
caches.match(event.request)
.then(response => response || fetch(event.request))
);
});
4.2 HTTP缓存头设置
Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000
ETag: "33a64df551425fcc55e4d42a148795d9f25f89d4"
5. 监控与分析
5.1 性能指标监控
// 使用Performance API获取关键指标
const timing = performance.timing;
const loadTime = timing.loadEventEnd - timing.navigationStart;
// 使用web-vitals库
import { getCLS, getFID, getLCP } from 'web-vitals';
getCLS(console.log);
getFID(console.log);
getLCP(console.log);
5.2 Chrome DevTools使用技巧
- 使用Performance面板记录运行时性能
- 通过Cover