Assignment 1 – Exploring Programming Language Concepts

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Provide a common definition of functional programming.

2. Haskell is considered by many to be a pure functional programming language. Explain the following piece of Haskell code and discuss its relationship with the definition in Q. 1.

import Data.IORef

main	:: IO	()
main	= do
putStrLn	“I’m going to calculate a sum, hang on a sec”
totalRef	<- newIORef (0 :: Int)
let loop	i

• i > 100 = pure ()
• otherwise = do

oldTotal <- readIORef totalRef let newTotal = oldTotal + i writeIORef totalRef $! newTotal loop$! i + 1

loop 1

total <- readIORef totalRef

putStrLn $ “The total is ” ++ show total

3. “Immutability is preferable over mutability”. Explain why this is normally considered correct.

3. Consider the following (pseudo-) machine code:

mov R1, $y

mov R2, $z

add R3, R1, R2

mov $x, R3

1. 1. Write the equivalent code in C.
   2. Write the equivalent code in Haskell. (Hint: It is possible to write the code as a single line.)
   3. Since this code is mutable in both C and Haskell, what does it imply for ALL languages?

5. Consider the following code in F#:

let sqrtx x = x * x

let imperativefun list =

let mutable total = 0

for i in list do

let x = sqrtx i

total <- total + x

total

let functionalfun list =

list

|> Seq.map sqrtx

|> Seq.sum

ECE 421 | Exploring Software Development Domains

1. What does each function (imperativefun and functionalfun) do in the previous code?

2. Consider a subset of ISO 9126

• Reliability

• Efficiency

• Maintainability

• Portability

Argue about the impact, if any, of the two different implementations (imperativefun and functionalfun) on these characteristics.

c. Utilize the sqrtx function in Q5 to write a function which raises its argument to the 4th power.

6. Pure functions:  A pure function is a function that, given the same input, will always return the same output and does not have any observable side effect. Functional programming likes pure functions; indicate which of the following are pure functions:

● changing the file system

● inserting a record into a database ● making an http call

● mutations

● printing to the screen / logging ● obtaining user input

● querying the DOM

● accessing system state ● Math.random()

7. Based on the definition of functionalfun presented in Q5, write a function in Rust that takes a

number x and returns ∑ ( 2 + 2). Also the function should be separate from the main function.

=1

8. Write a Rust function that computes the volume of a sphere, given its radius. Again, this function should be separate from the main function.

8. Total functions state that, for every valid input value, there is a valid, terminating output value. In contrast to a total function, a partial function may result in an infinite loop, program crash, or runtime exception for some input.

a. Explain what happens when you present the following Haskell code to its compiler and why.

data Colour = Red | Yellow | Blue

sayColour colour =

case colour of

Red -> “red”

Yellow -> “yellow”

main = putStrLn (sayColour Blue)

 ECE 421 | Exploring Software Development Domains

b. Explain what happens when you present the following Rust code to its compiler and why.

enum Colour {

Red,

Yellow,

Blue,

}

fn say_colour(colour: &Colour) -> &’static str {

match colour {

Colour::Red => “red”,

Colour::Yellow => “yellow”,

}

}

fn main() {

println!(“{}”, say_colour(&Colour::Blue));

}