一文读懂 iOS 程序生命周期和视图生命周期程序生命周期主要涉及应用启动、进入前台、进入后台、终止等状态变化。视图控制器

一、程序生命周期（App Lifecycle）

关键方法及调用时机：

方法名 (Swift)	方法名 (Objective-C)	调用时机
`application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:)`	`application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:`	应用首次启动时
`applicationDidBecomeActive`	`applicationDidBecomeActive:`	应用进入前台时
`applicationWillResignActive`	`applicationWillResignActive:`	应用即将进入后台时
`applicationDidEnterBackground`	`applicationDidEnterBackground:`	应用完全进入后台时
`applicationWillEnterForeground`	`applicationWillEnterForeground:`	应用即将回到前台时
`applicationWillTerminate`	`applicationWillTerminate:`	应用即将终止时

Swift 代码示例（AppDelegate.swift）：

import UIKit

@UIApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {
    func application(_ application: UIApplication, 
                     didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
        print("App Launched")
        return true
    }
    
    func applicationDidBecomeActive(_ application: UIApplication) {
        print("App Did Become Active")
    }
    
    func applicationWillResignActive(_ application: UIApplication) {
        print("App Will Resign Active")
    }
    
    func applicationDidEnterBackground(_ application: UIApplication) {
        print("App Did Enter Background")
    }
    
    func applicationWillEnterForeground(_ application: UIApplication) {
        print("App Will Enter Foreground")
    }
    
    func applicationWillTerminate(_ application: UIApplication) {
        print("App Will Terminate")
    }
}

Objective-C 代码示例（AppDelegate.m）：

#import "AppDelegate.h"

@implementation AppDelegate

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application 
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
    NSLog(@"App Launched");
    return YES;
}

- (void)applicationDidBecomeActive:(UIApplication *)application {
    NSLog(@"App Did Become Active");
}

- (void)applicationWillResignActive:(UIApplication *)application {
    NSLog(@"App Will Resign Active");
}

- (void)applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application {
    NSLog(@"App Did Enter Background");
}

- (void)applicationWillEnterForeground:(UIApplication *)application {
    NSLog(@"App Will Enter Foreground");
}

- (void)applicationWillTerminate:(UIApplication *)application {
    NSLog(@"App Will Terminate");
}

@end

二、视图生命周期（ViewController Lifecycle）

关键方法及调用顺序：

方法名 (Swift)	方法名 (Objective-C)	调用时机
`viewDidLoad()`	`viewDidLoad`	视图加载完成时（只调用一次）
`viewWillAppear(_:)`	`viewWillAppear:`	视图即将显示时
`viewDidAppear(_:)`	`viewDidAppear:`	视图完全显示时
`viewWillDisappear(_:)`	`viewWillDisappear:`	视图即将消失时
`viewDidDisappear(_:)`	`viewDidDisappear:`	视图完全消失时
`viewWillLayoutSubviews()`	`viewWillLayoutSubviews`	即将布局子视图时
`viewDidLayoutSubviews()`	`viewDidLayoutSubviews`	完成布局子视图时
`deinit`	`dealloc`	视图控制器销毁时

Swift 代码示例（ViewController.swift）：

import UIKit

class ViewController: UIViewController {
    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()
        print("View Did Load")
    }
    
    override func viewWillAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
        super.viewWillAppear(animated)
        print("View Will Appear")
    }
    
    override func viewDidAppear(_ animated: Bool) {
        super.viewDidAppear(animated)
        print("View Did Appear")
    }
    
    override func viewWillDisappear(_ animated: Bool) {
        super.viewWillDisappear(animated)
        print("View Will Disappear")
    }
    
    override func viewDidDisappear(_ animated: Bool) {
        super.viewDidDisappear(animated)
        print("View Did Disappear")
    }
    
    override func viewWillLayoutSubviews() {
        super.viewWillLayoutSubviews()
        print("View Will Layout Subviews")
    }
    
    override func viewDidLayoutSubviews() {
        super.viewDidLayoutSubviews()
        print("View Did Layout Subviews")
    }
    
    deinit {
        print("View Controller Deinitialized")
    }
}

Objective-C 代码示例（ViewController.m）：

#import "ViewController.h"

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    NSLog(@"View Did Load");
}

- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    NSLog(@"View Will Appear");
}

- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewDidAppear:animated];
    NSLog(@"View Did Appear");
}

- (void)viewWillDisappear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillDisappear:animated];
    NSLog(@"View Will Disappear");
}

- (void)viewDidDisappear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewDidDisappear:animated];
    NSLog(@"View Did Disappear");
}

- (void)viewWillLayoutSubviews {
    [super viewWillLayoutSubviews];
    NSLog(@"View Will Layout Subviews");
}

- (void)viewDidLayoutSubviews {
    [super viewDidLayoutSubviews];
    NSLog(@"View Did Layout Subviews");
}

- (void)dealloc {
    NSLog(@"View Controller Deallocated");
}

@end

三、生命周期流程图

程序启动：
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions
  → applicationDidBecomeActive

从后台回到前台：
applicationWillEnterForeground
  → applicationDidBecomeActive

进入后台：
applicationWillResignActive
  → applicationDidEnterBackground

视图控制器显示：
viewDidLoad
  → viewWillAppear
  → viewDidAppear

视图控制器消失：
viewWillDisappear
  → viewDidDisappear

四、关键场景说明

viewDidLoad
- 最佳实践：初始化界面元素、网络请求、数据加载
- 注意：此时视图的 bounds 可能尚未确定
viewDidAppear
- 最佳实践：启动动画、定时器、位置更新
- 注意：避免在此处执行耗时操作
viewDidDisappear
- 最佳实践：停止动画、取消网络请求、释放资源
deinit/dealloc
- 必须实现：移除通知观察者、销毁强引用对象

通过理解这些生命周期方法，开发者可以更好地控制应用状态和视图行为，实现内存管理优化和流畅的界面交互。