如何在Python中获取距离由四顶点定义的平面的最近点

我们有如下需求：

1. 给定一个由四个顶点（按照右手定则顺序排列）定义的平面。
2. 找到距离该平面最近的点。
3. 作为奖励，获取最近点的UV坐标。

2、解决方案

实现上述需求，我们可以按照以下步骤进行：

1. 导入必要的库。

import numpy as np

2. 定义常量。

LARGE_VALUE=99999999.0
SMALL_VALUE=0.00000001
SUBSAMPLES=10.0

3. 定义函数closestPointOnLineSegment。

该函数用于计算点c到由点a和b定义的线段上的最近点的距离、最近点和u值。

def closestPointOnLineSegment(a,b,c):
    ''' Given two points (a,b) defining a line segment and a query point (c)
        return the closest point on that segment, the distance between
        query and closest points, and a u value derived from the results
    '''

    # Check if c is same as a or b
    ac=c-a
    AC=np.linalg.norm(ac)
    if AC==0.:
        return c,0.,0.

    bc=c-b
    BC=np.linalg.norm(bc)
    if BC==0.:
        return c,0.,1.


    # See if segment length is 0
    ab=b-a
    AB=np.linalg.norm(ab)
    if AB == 0.:
        return a,0.,0.

    # Normalize segment and do edge tests
    ab=ab/AB
    test=np.dot(ac,ab)
    if test < 0.:
        return a,AC,0.
    elif test > AB:
        return b,BC,1.

    # Return closest xyz on segment, distance, and u value
    p=(test*ab)+a
    return p,np.linalg.norm(c-p),(test/AB)

4. 定义函数surfaceWalk。

该函数用于沿两个边缘在曲面上行走，并在每个采样段中查找最近点，递归直至两个采样边缘均小于SMALL_VALUE。

def surfaceWalk(e0,e1,p,v0=0.,v1=1.):
    ''' Walk on the surface along 2 edges, for each sample segment
        look for closest point, recurse until the both sampled edges
        are smaller than SMALL_VALUE
    '''

    edge0=(e1[0]-e0[0])
    edge1=(e1[1]-e0[1])
    len0=np.linalg.norm(edge0*(v1-v0))
    len1=np.linalg.norm(edge1*(v1-v0))

    vMin=v0
    vMax=v1
    closest_d=0.
    closest_u=0.
    closest_v=0.
    ii=0.
    dist=LARGE_VALUE

    for i in range(int(SUBSAMPLES)+1):
        v=v0+((v1-v0)*(i/SUBSAMPLES))
        a=(edge0*v)+e0[0]
        b=(edge1*v)+e0[1]

        closest_p,closest_d,closest_u=closestPointOnLineSegment(a,b,p)

        if closest_d < dist:
            dist=closest_d
            closest_v=v
            ii=i

    # If both edge lengths <= SMALL_VALUE, we're within our precision treshold so return results
    if len0 <= SMALL_VALUE and len1 <= SMALL_VALUE:
        return closest_p,closest_d,closest_u,closest_v

    # Threshold hasn't been met, set v0 anf v1 limits to either side of closest_v and keep recursing
    vMin=v0+((v1-v0)*(np.clip((ii-1),0.,SUBSAMPLES)/SUBSAMPLES))
    vMax=v0+((v1-v0)*(np.clip((ii+1),0.,SUBSAMPLES)/SUBSAMPLES))
    return surfaceWalk(e0,e1,p,vMin,vMax)

5. 定义函数closestPointToPlane。

该函数用于获取距离由四个点定义的平面的最近点。

def closestPointToPlane(p0,p1,p2,p3,p,debug=True):
    ''' Given four points defining a quad surface (p0,p1,p2,3) and
        a query point p. Find the closest edge and begin walking
        across one end to the next until we find the closest point 
    '''

    # Find the closest edge, we'll use that edge to start our walk
    c,d,u,v=surfaceWalk([p0,p1],[p3,p2],p)
    if debug:
        print 'Closest Point:     %s'%c
        print 'Distance to Point: %s'%d
        print 'U Coord:           %s'%u
        print 'V Coord:           %s'%v

    return c,d,u,v

6. 调用函数closestPointToPlane。

p0 = np.array([1.15, 0.62, -1.01])
p1 = np.array([1.74, 0.86, -0.88])
p2 = np.array([1.79, 0.40, -1.46])
p3 = np.array([0.91, 0.79, -1.84])

p =  np.array([1.17, 0.94, -1.52])
closestPointToPlane(p0,p1,p2,p3,p)

7. 输出结果。

Closest Point:     [ 1.11588876  0.70474519 -1.52660706]
Distance to Point: 0.241488104197
U Coord:           0.164463481066
V Coord:           0.681959858995

其中，Closest Point是距离平面最近的点，Distance to Point是最近点到平面的距离，U Coord和V Coord是最近点的UV坐标。