后端模块一 Chapter Ⅱ Go实战案例 代码解析

老实憨厚的萌妹
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1 在线词典

1.1 Go实现Http 请求与响应

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
        //创建http.Client实例，实现发生请求
	client := &http.Client{}
        //请求数据
	var data = strings.NewReader(`{"trans_type":"en2zh","source":"good"}`)
        //使用http.newrequest函数创建一个post请求，写好url
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
	req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
	//client.Do(req)发起请求，resp接收回复
        resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
        //defer保证在当前函数调用结束时调用
	defer resp.Body.Close()
        //接收resp中的内容
	bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

1.2 结构体输入

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

//请求的结构体
type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}
//响应的结构体
type DictResponse struct {
	Rc   int `json:"rc"`
	Wiki struct {
		KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
		Description     struct {
			Source string      `json:"source"`
			Target interface{} `json:"target"`
		} `json:"description"`
		ID   string `json:"id"`
		Item struct {
			Source string `json:"source"`
			Target string `json:"target"`
		} `json:"item"`
		ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
		IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
		Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
	} `json:"wiki"`
	Dictionary struct {
		Prons struct {
			EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
			En   string `json:"en"`
		} `json:"prons"`
		Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
		Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
		Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
		WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
		Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
		Type         string        `json:"type"`
		Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
		Source       string        `json:"source"`
	} `json:"dictionary"`
}

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
	//request为一个结构体
        request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: "good"}
        //req结构体序列化为JSON格式的字节切片（[]byte）
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
        //将buf转化为io.reader接口类型
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
	req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
        //设置回复类型为json
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
	//resp为http回复的全部内容
        resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	var dictResponse DictResponse
	err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%#v\n", dictResponse)
}

1.3 代码优化

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"os"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

type DictResponse struct {
	Rc   int `json:"rc"`
	Wiki struct {
		KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
		Description     struct {
			Source string      `json:"source"`
			Target interface{} `json:"target"`
		} `json:"description"`
		ID   string `json:"id"`
		Item struct {
			Source string `json:"source"`
			Target string `json:"target"`
		} `json:"item"`
		ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
		IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
		Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
	} `json:"wiki"`
	Dictionary struct {
		Prons struct {
			EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
			En   string `json:"en"`
		} `json:"prons"`
		Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
		Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
		Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
		WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
		Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
		Type         string        `json:"type"`
		Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
		Source       string        `json:"source"`
	} `json:"dictionary"`
}

func query(word string) {
	client := &http.Client{}
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: word}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
	req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
        //判断响应是否正常
	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
		log.Fatal("bad StatusCode:", resp.StatusCode, "body", string(bodyText))
	}
	var dictResponse DictResponse
	err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(word, "UK:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.En, "US:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.EnUs)
        //循环输出explanations(数组)中的值
	for _, item := range dictResponse.Dictionary.Explanations {
		fmt.Println(item)
	}
}

func main() {
        //命令行参数，默认的第一个为函数名，第二个为参数
	if len(os.Args) != 2 {
		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `usage: simpleDict WORD
example: simpleDict hello
		`)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	word := os.Args[1]
	query(word)
}

2 SOCKS5 代理

2.1 SOCKS5 原理

  1. 4阶段连接
    • 协商阶段：用户浏览器向Socks5发送请求，协议版本、认证方式
    • 认证阶段
    • 请求阶段:浏览器向代理服务器发送请求报文，包括：协议版本、请求类型； 代理服务器向真正的后端服务器建立TCP连接
    • Relay阶段：浏览器发送请求到代理服务器，代理服务器转发；后端服务器响应，代理服务器转发 image.png

2.2 TCP echo server

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"log"
	"net"
)

func main() {
        //监听端口
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
        //死循环，一直处理请求
	for {
                //当有新的连接请求时，Accept方法会返回一个新的 `net.Conn` 对象
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
        //将conn包装成Reader对象
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
	for {
                //写入请求
		b, err := reader.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
                //返回响应
		_, err = conn.Write([]byte{b})
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
	}
}

//NewReader解读：在Go语言中，一旦一个类型成为 `Reader` 对象，即实现了 `io.Reader` 接口，它就会拥有以下方法：
1.  Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) ：
    -   这是 `io.Reader` 接口的核心方法，用于从数据源读取数据并存储到切片 `p` 中。它返回两个值：`n` 是实际读取的字节数，`err` 是在读取过程中可能发生的错误。
2. Reader对象的特点是有缓冲区，读过的数据就不会再读，下一次读数据会从上一次的末尾开始

2.3 auth

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypeIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
        //调用auth实现认证，认证通过才会有响应
	err := auth(reader, conn)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
		return
	}
	log.Println("auth success")
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
	// +----+----------+----------+
	// VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
	// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
	// METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
	// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
	// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD
        
        //1. 读取包装成Reader的conn对象中传来的请求，读第一个字节的数据，第一个Byte为协议版本
	ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
	}
	if ver != socks5Ver {
		return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
	}
        //读第二个字节，方法大小
	methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
	}
        //建立一个字节数组，大小为前面读的方法大小
	method := make([]byte, methodSize)
        //将方法存入字节数组
	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
	}
	log.Println("ver", ver, "method", method)
	// +----+--------+
	// |VER | METHOD |
	// +----+--------+
	// | 1  |   1    |
	// +----+--------+
	_, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
	}
	return nil
}
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