现在很多面试都会考查react的调度原理,底层是如何实现的?相信学完本堂课,你一定会有更深的体会,斩获更多的offer
React调度器之最小堆
大家在使用react的时候,是不是觉得写代码非常的流畅,界面交互也非常的丝滑?
这一切的根因都是因为react在底层已经帮我们做好了一系列任务的调度,称之为scheduler
主流浏览器的刷新频率为16.6ms/次,我们知道js进程和ui进程是互斥的,当js执行时间过长时,浏览器将没有时间来做ui的刷新,就会造成卡顿的现象。
react为了解决这个问题,使用了时间切片的算法,把长任务打散成一个个短任务,这其实和我们的操作系统调度是同样的原理。这样我们就可以在执行完短任务之后,来判断剩余时间是否足够浏览器进行渲染
function workLoop(initialTime: number) {
let currentTime = initialTime;
advanceTimers(currentTime);
currentTask = peek(taskQueue);
while (
currentTask !== null &&
!(enableSchedulerDebugging && isSchedulerPaused)
) {
if (currentTask.expirationTime > currentTime && shouldYieldToHost()) {
// This currentTask hasn't expired, and we've reached the deadline.
break;
}
...
}
switch (priorityLevel) {
case ImmediatePriority:
// Times out immediately
timeout = -1;
break;
case UserBlockingPriority:
// Eventually times out
timeout = userBlockingPriorityTimeout;
break;
case IdlePriority:
// Never times out
timeout = maxSigned31BitInt;
break;
case LowPriority:
// Eventually times out
timeout = lowPriorityTimeout;
break;
case NormalPriority:
default:
// Eventually times out
timeout = normalPriorityTimeout;
break;
}
var expirationTime = startTime + timeout;
这是react工作循环部分源码,通过高亮部分我们可以看到,每个任务都有过期时间,当任务过期之后将会中断当前的工作循环
而expirationTime是由任务的开始时间和不同任务的优先级的timout决定,也就是说我们会给高优先级的任务较短的过期时间。那么问题来了,我们在一次更新当中会有非常多的任务,如何使用一种算法能够快速的获取到过期时间最短的任务呢?答案就是最小堆 O(1)
最小堆原理
定义
最小堆,是一种经过排序的完全二叉树,其中任一非终端节点的数据值均不大于其左子结点和右子结点的值
完全二叉树
一棵深度为k的有n个结点的二叉树,对树中的结点按从上至下、从左到右的顺序进行编号,如果编号为i(1≤i≤n)的结点与满二叉树中编号为i的结点在二叉树中的位置相同,则这棵二叉树称为完全二叉树。
满二叉树
一个二叉树,如果每一个层的结点数都达到最大值,则这个二叉树就是满二叉树。也就是说,如果一个二叉树的深度为K,且结点总数是(2^k) -1 ,则它就是满二叉树。
代码实现
我们最终使用数组来模拟二叉树,我们可以把序号0看作根节点可以推导出小根堆有两个性质
- 根节点为i 左子节点为2i + 1, 右子节点为2i+2
- 根节点为当前这颗树中最小的值
思路
我们需要在不破坏小根堆性质的同时,不断的往树中添加节点。同时,我们可以随时取出堆中最小的节点,并且经过调整让树重新符合小根堆的性质。
伪代码
// 当前所有的节点
const array = [2, 7, 5, 12, 22, 17, 25]
const BuildMinHeap = (array: number[], len: number) => {
遍历所有节点
依次推入堆中
做一次向上调整
}
const push = (heap: number[], node: number) => {
将节点推入队尾
向上调整保证性质
}
const pop = (heap: number[]) => {
从队首把节点弹出
把队尾的节点换到队首
向下调整保证性质
}
const peek = (heap: number[]) => {
返回队首节点
}
const siftUp = (heap: number[], node: number, i: number) => {
找到父节点
循环
和父节点比较谁更小
父节点小则保持不动
子节点小则交换位置
}
const siftDown = () => {
找到两个字节点
循环
依次判断子节点和当前节点的大小
当前节点小则保持不动
子节点小则和子节点交换位置
}
const array = [2, 7, 5, 12, 22, 17, 25]
const push = (heap: number[], node: number) => {
const index = heap.length;
heap.push(node);
siftUp(heap, node, index)
}
const pop = (heap: number[], node: number) => {
if (heap.length === 0) {
return null;
}
const first = heap[0];
const last = heap.pop();
if (last !== first) {
heap[0] = last;
siftDown(heap, last, 0);
}
return first;
}
const peek =(heap: number[])=> {
return heap.length === 0 ? null : heap[0];
}
const siftUp = (heap: number[], node: number, i: number) => {
let index = i;
// edge case
while(index > 0) {
const parentIndex = (i-1)/2
const parent = heap[parentIndex]
if(parent > node) {
heap[parentIndex] = node;
heap[index] = parent;
index = parentIndex;
} else {
return
}
}
}
const siftDown = () => {
let index = i;
const length = heap.length;
const halfLength = length / 2;
while (index < halfLength) {
const leftIndex = 2 * index + 1;
const left = heap[leftIndex];
const rightIndex = leftIndex + 1;
const right = heap[rightIndex];
if (left < node) {
if (rightIndex < length && right < left) {
heap[index] = right;
heap[rightIndex] = node;
index = rightIndex;
} else {
heap[index] = left;
heap[leftIndex] = node;
index = leftIndex;
}
} else if (rightIndex < length && right) < node) {
heap[index] = right;
heap[rightIndex] = node;
index = rightIndex;
} else {
return;
}
}
}
react源码如何实现最小堆
思路是一致的
源码中的node是个复杂的结构,所以需要compare来抹平比较的差异,同时使用了位运算来更加快速的做整除操作
/**
* Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*
* @flow strict
*/
type Heap<T: Node> = Array<T>;
type Node = {
id: number,
sortIndex: number,
...
};
export function push<T: Node>(heap: Heap<T>, node: T): void {
const index = heap.length;
heap.push(node);
siftUp(heap, node, index);
}
export function peek<T: Node>(heap: Heap<T>): T | null {
return heap.length === 0 ? null : heap[0];
}
export function pop<T: Node>(heap: Heap<T>): T | null {
if (heap.length === 0) {
return null;
}
const first = heap[0];
const last = heap.pop();
if (last !== first) {
// $FlowFixMe[incompatible-type]
heap[0] = last;
// $FlowFixMe[incompatible-call]
siftDown(heap, last, 0);
}
return first;
}
function siftUp<T: Node>(heap: Heap<T>, node: T, i: number): void {
let index = i;
while (index > 0) {
const parentIndex = (index - 1) >>> 1;
const parent = heap[parentIndex];
if (compare(parent, node) > 0) {
// The parent is larger. Swap positions.
heap[parentIndex] = node;
heap[index] = parent;
index = parentIndex;
} else {
// The parent is smaller. Exit.
return;
}
}
}
function siftDown<T: Node>(heap: Heap<T>, node: T, i: number): void {
let index = i;
const length = heap.length;
const halfLength = length >>> 1;
while (index < halfLength) {
const leftIndex = (index + 1) * 2 - 1;
const left = heap[leftIndex];
const rightIndex = leftIndex + 1;
const right = heap[rightIndex];
// If the left or right node is smaller, swap with the smaller of those.
if (compare(left, node) < 0) {
if (rightIndex < length && compare(right, left) < 0) {
heap[index] = right;
heap[rightIndex] = node;
index = rightIndex;
} else {
heap[index] = left;
heap[leftIndex] = node;
index = leftIndex;
}
} else if (rightIndex < length && compare(right, node) < 0) {
heap[index] = right;
heap[rightIndex] = node;
index = rightIndex;
} else {
// Neither child is smaller. Exit.
return;
}
}
}
function compare(a: Node, b: Node) {
// Compare sort index first, then task id.
const diff = a.sortIndex - b.sortIndex;
return diff !== 0 ? diff : a.id - b.id;
}
总结
其实在许多的面试环节当中,我们都会被问到react的调度原理,学完这节课后,相信大家一定都能够回答上来。同学们也要多多动手实现一下,提升自己的coding能力,在面试大厂的时候,碰到面试官给的算法题,能够啪一下,秒了(当然,也不能秒的太快,要体现自己思考的过程😄)
课后习题
通过本堂课的学习,我们已经很好的了解了如何实现一个最小堆。那西蒙老师给大家留一个课后作业。
给定一个数组,我们想要找到数组中第k小的元素,应该如何用最小堆去实现呢?大家可以尝试一下