声明语句

//1. 声明局部变量
string greeting = "Hello";
int a = 1;

//2. 声明局部常量——必须初始化
const string greeting2 = "Hello";
const double MinLimit = -10.0;

//3.声明 Reference变量
ref int aliasOfa = ref a; 

异常处理语句

同JAVA8,多了以下内容：

异常筛选器：when

{
    var result = Process(-3, 4);
    Console.WriteLine($"Processing succeeded: {result}");
}
catch (Exception e) when (e is ArgumentException || e is DivideByZeroException)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Processing failed: {e.Message}");
}

try try-catch try-catch-finally

checked 和 unchecked 语句

checked 和 unchecked 语句指定整型类型算术运算和转换的溢出检查上下文。

uint a = uint.MaxValue;

unchecked
{
    Console.WriteLine(a + 3);  // output: 2
}

try
{
    checked
    {
        Console.WriteLine(a + 3);
    }
}
catch (OverflowException e)
{
    Console.WriteLine(e.Message);  // output: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow.
}

fixed 语句

只能在不安全的上下文中使用 fixed 语句。 fixed 语句可防止垃圾回收器重新定位可移动变量，并声明指向该变量的指针。 固定变量的地址在语句的持续时间内不会更改。 只能在相应的 fixed 语句中使用声明的指针。 声明的指针是只读的，无法修改。

unsafe
{
    byte[] bytes = [1, 2, 3];
    fixed (byte* pointerToFirst = bytes)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"The address of the first array element: {(long)pointerToFirst:X}.");
        Console.WriteLine($"The value of the first array element: {*pointerToFirst}.");
    }
}
// Output is similar to:
// The address of the first array element: 2173F80B5C8.
// The value of the first array element: 1.

lock 语句

用于同步对共享资源的访问，类似JAVA8.

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class Account
{
    // Use `object` in versions earlier than C# 13
    private readonly System.Threading.Lock _balanceLock = new();
    private decimal _balance;

    public Account(decimal initialBalance) => _balance = initialBalance;

    public decimal Debit(decimal amount)
    {
        if (amount < 0)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(amount), "The debit amount cannot be negative.");
        }

        decimal appliedAmount = 0;
        lock (_balanceLock)
        {
            if (_balance >= amount)
            {
                _balance -= amount;
                appliedAmount = amount;
            }
        }
        return appliedAmount;
    }

    public void Credit(decimal amount)
    {
        if (amount < 0)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(amount), "The credit amount cannot be negative.");
        }

        lock (_balanceLock)
        {
            _balance += amount;
        }
    }

    public decimal GetBalance()
    {
        lock (_balanceLock)
        {
            return _balance;
        }
    }
}

class AccountTest
{
    static async Task Main()
    {
        var account = new Account(1000);
        var tasks = new Task[100];
        for (int i = 0; i < tasks.Length; i++)
        {
            tasks[i] = Task.Run(() => Update(account));
        }
        await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
        Console.WriteLine($"Account's balance is {account.GetBalance()}");
        // Output:
        // Account's balance is 2000
    }

    static void Update(Account account)
    {
        decimal[] amounts = [0, 2, -3, 6, -2, -1, 8, -5, 11, -6];
        foreach (var amount in amounts)
        {
            if (amount >= 0)
            {
                account.Credit(amount);
            }
            else
            {
                account.Debit(Math.Abs(amount));
            }
        }
    }
}

using语句

确保正确使用可释放对象。 在一个 using 语句中声明多个实例时，它们将按声明的相反顺序释放。

var numbers = new List<int>();
using (StreamReader reader = File.OpenText("numbers.txt"))
{
    string line;
    while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) is not null)
    {
        if (int.TryParse(line, out int number))
        {
            numbers.Add(number);
        }
    }
}

当控件离开 using 语句块时，将释放获取的 IDisposable 实例。 using 语句可确保即使在 using 语句块内发生异常的情况下也会释放可释放实例。 在前面的示例中，打开的文件在处理完所有行后关闭。

yield语句

在迭代器中使用 yield 语句提供一个值或表示迭代结束。

//提供值
foreach (int i in ProduceEvenNumbers(9))
{
    Console.Write(i);
    Console.Write(" ");
}
// Output: 0 2 4 6 8

IEnumerable<int> ProduceEvenNumbers(int upto)
{
    for (int i = 0; i <= upto; i += 2)
    {
        yield return i;
    }
}

//结束迭代
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", TakeWhilePositive(new int[] {2, 3, 4, 5, -1, 3, 4})));
// Output: 2 3 4 5

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", TakeWhilePositive(new int[] {9, 8, 7})));
// Output: 9 8 7

IEnumerable<int> TakeWhilePositive(IEnumerable<int> numbers)
{
    foreach (int n in numbers)
    {
        if (n > 0)
        {
            yield return n;
        }
        else
        {
            yield break;
        }
    }
}