// A Mutex is a mutual exclusion lock.
// The zero value for a Mutex is an unlocked mutex.
//
// A Mutex must not be copied after first use.
type Mutex struct {
state int32
sema uint32
}
var a sync.Mutex
log.Println(unsafe.Sizeof(a), unsafe.Alignof(a))//8,4
通过状态state和信号量来实现的。
协程1加锁的话，lock=1
协程2加锁的话，waiter=1，代表等待锁释放:
协程A主要是通过释放信号量来通知协程b，此时协程B可以加锁
state
- Locked:表示该Mutex是否已被锁定，0:没有锁定1:已被锁定。
- Woken:表示是否有协程已被唤醒，0:没有协程唤醒1:已有协程唤醒，正在加锁过程中。
- Starving:表示该Mutex是否处于饥饿状态，0:没有饥饿1:饥饿状态，说明有协程阻塞了超过1ms.
- Waiter: 表示阻塞等待锁的协程个数，协程解锁时根据此值来判断是否需要释放信号量。
协程之间抢锁实际上是抢给Locked赋值的权利，能给Locked域置1，就说明抢锁成功。抢不到的话就阻塞等待Mutex.sema信号量，一旦持有锁的协程解锁, 等待的协程会依次被唤醒。
Woken状态: // Try to set mutex Woken flag to inform Unlock to not wake other blocked goroutines.
fast path
When adding a lock, at first it will see if it can get the lock directly through CAS, and if it can, then it will get the lock directly successfully.
lockSlow
unlock
// Unlock unlocks m.
// It is a run-time error if m is not locked on entry to Unlock.
//
// A locked Mutex is not associated with a particular goroutine.
// It is allowed for one goroutine to lock a Mutex and then
// arrange for another goroutine to unlock it.
func (m *Mutex) Unlock() {
if race.Enabled {
_ = m.state
race.Release(unsafe.Pointer(m))
}
// Fast path: drop lock bit.
new := atomic.AddInt32(&m.state, -mutexLocked)
if new != 0 {
// Outlined slow path to allow inlining the fast path.
// To hide unlockSlow during tracing we skip one extra frame when tracing GoUnblock.
m.unlockSlow(new)
}
}
func (m *Mutex) unlockSlow(new int32) {
if (new+mutexLocked)&mutexLocked == 0 {
throw("sync: unlock of unlocked mutex")
}
if new&mutexStarving == 0 {
old := new
for {
// If there are no waiters or a goroutine has already
// been woken or grabbed the lock, no need to wake anyone.
// In starvation mode ownership is directly handed off from unlocking
// goroutine to the next waiter. We are not part of this chain,
// since we did not observe mutexStarving when we unlocked the mutex above.
// So get off the way.
if old>>mutexWaiterShift == 0 || old&(mutexLocked|mutexWoken|mutexStarving) != 0 {
return
}
// Grab the right to wake someone.
new = (old - 1<<mutexWaiterShift) | mutexWoken
if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&m.state, old, new) {
runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema, false, 1)
return
}
old = m.state
}
} else {
// Starving mode: handoff mutex ownership to the next waiter, and yield
// our time slice so that the next waiter can start to run immediately.
// Note: mutexLocked is not set, the waiter will set it after wakeup.
// But mutex is still considered locked if mutexStarving is set,
// so new coming goroutines won't acquire it.
runtime_Semrelease(&m.sema, true, 1)
}
}
// Mutex can be in 2 modes of operations: normal and starvation. // In normal mode waiters are queued in FIFO order, but a woken up waiter // does not own the mutex and competes with new arriving goroutines over // the ownership. New arriving goroutines have an advantage -- they are // already running on CPU and there can be lots of them, so a woken up // waiter has good chances of losing. In such case it is queued at front // of the wait queue. If a waiter fails to acquire the mutex for more than 1ms, // it switches mutex to the starvation mode. // // In starvation mode ownership of the mutex is directly handed off from // the unlocking goroutine to the waiter at the front of the queue. // New arriving goroutines don't try to acquire the mutex even if it appears // to be unlocked, and don't try to spin. Instead they queue themselves at // the tail of the wait queue.
// If a waiter receives ownership of the mutex and sees that either
// (1) it is the last waiter in the queue, or (2) it waited for less than 1 ms,
// it switches mutex back to normal operation mode.
//
// Normal mode has considerably better performance as a goroutine can acquire
// a mutex several times in a row even if there are blocked waiters.
// Starvation mode is important to prevent pathological cases of tail latency.
// Active spinning for sync.Mutex.
//go:linkname sync_runtime_canSpin sync.runtime_canSpin
//go:nosplit
func sync_runtime_canSpin(i int) bool {
// sync.Mutex is cooperative, so we are conservative with spinning.
// Spin only few times and only if running on a multicore machine and
// GOMAXPROCS>1 and there is at least one other running P and local runq is empty.
// As opposed to runtime mutex we don't do passive spinning here,
// because there can be work on global runq or on other Ps.
if i >= active_spin || ncpu <= 1 || gomaxprocs <= int32(sched.npidle+sched.nmspinning)+1 {
return false
}
if p := getg().m.p.ptr(); !runqempty(p) {
return false
}
return true
}
active_spin = 4
func sync_runtime_doSpin() {
procyield(active_spin_cnt)//30
}
RWMutex
type RWMutex struct {
w Mutex // held if there are pending writers
writerSem uint32 // semaphore for writers to wait for completing readers
readerSem uint32 // semaphore for readers to wait for completing writers
readerCount int32 // number of pending readers
readerWait int32 // number of departing readers
}
Go 标准库中的 RWMutex 设计是 Write-preferring 方案。一个正在阻塞的 Lock 调用会排除新的 reader 请求到锁。
RLock
if atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, 1) < 0 {
// A writer is pending, wait for it.
runtime_SemacquireMutex(&rw.readerSem, false, 0)
}
Lock
// First, resolve competition with other writers.
rw.w.Lock()
// Announce to readers there is a pending writer.
r := atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerCount, -rwmutexMaxReaders) + rwmutexMaxReaders
// Wait for active readers.
if r != 0 && atomic.AddInt32(&rw.readerWait, r) != 0 {
runtime_SemacquireMutex(&rw.writerSem, false, 0)
}
- 写锁被解锁后，所有因操作锁定读锁而被阻塞的 goroutine 会被唤醒，并都可以成功锁定读锁。
- 读锁被解锁后，在没有被其他读锁锁定的前提下，所有因操作锁定写锁而被阻塞的 goroutine，其中等待时间最长的一个 goroutine 会被唤醒??
Cond
Cond实现了一种条件变量，可以使用在多个 Reader 等待共享资源 ready 的场景（如果只有一读一写，一个锁或者 channel 就搞定了）
每个 Cond都会关联一个 Lock（sync.Mutex or sync.RWMutex），当修改条件或者调用 Wait 方法时，必须加锁，保护 condition。
[Broadcast 和 Signal 区别]
func (c *Cond) Broadcast()
Broadcast 会唤醒所有等待 c 的 goroutine。调用 Broadcast 的时候，可以加锁，也可以不加锁。
func (c *Cond) Signal()
Signal 只唤醒1 个等待 c 的 goroutine。调用 Signal 的时候，可以加锁，也可以不加锁。
