命令模式
命令模式,将一个请求封装成一个对象,从而让你使用不同的请求把客户端参数化,对请求排队或记录请求日志,以及支持可撤销的操作。
作用
- 类间解耦:命令模式能将调用操作的对象与实现该操作的对象解耦。
- 可扩展性:增加或删除命令非常方便。采用命令模式增加与删除命令不会影响其他类,它满足“开闭原则”,对扩展比较灵活。
缺点
可能产生大量具体命令类。因为计对每一个具体操作都需要设计一个具体命令类,这将增加系统的复杂性。
适用场景
命令模式主要解决的问题是在软件系统中,行为请求者与行为实现者通常是一种紧耦合的关系,但某些场合,比如需要对行为进行记录、撤销或重做、事务等处理时,这种无法抵御变化的紧耦合的设计就不太合适。这种时候就适合使用命令模式。
类图
- 抽象命令类(Command)角色:声明执行命令的接口,拥有执行命令方法和撤销方法。
- 具体命令角色(ConcreteCommand)角色:是抽象命令类的具体实现类,它拥有接收者对象,并通过调用接收者的功能来完成命令要执行的操作。
- 命令接收者(Receiver)角色:执行命令功能的相关操作,是具体命令对象业务的真正实现者。
- 命令调用者(Invoker)角色:是请求的发送者,它通常拥有很多的命令对象,并通过访问命令对象来执行相关请求,它不直接访问接收者。
代码表达
// 抽象命令类(Command)角色
public interface Command {
void execute();
void undo();
}
// 具体命令角色(ConcreteCommand)角色
public class LightOnCommand implements Command {
LightReceiver receiver;
public LightOnCommand(LightReceiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
receiver.on();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
receiver.off();
}
}
public class LightOffCommand implements Command {
LightReceiver receiver;
public LightOffCommand(LightReceiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
receiver.off();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
receiver.on();
}
}
public class TVOnCommand implements Command {
TVReceiver receiver;
public TVOnCommand(TVReceiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
receiver.on();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
receiver.off();
}
}
public class TVOffCommand implements Command {
TVReceiver receiver;
public TVOffCommand(TVReceiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
receiver.off();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
receiver.on();
}
}
// 空命令;作为默认命令
public class NoCommand implements Command {
@Override
public void execute() {
System.out.println("NoCommand execute()");
}
@Override
public void undo() {
System.out.println("NoCommand undo()");
}
}
// 命令接收者(Receiver)角色
public class LightReceiver {
public void on() {
System.out.println("LightReceiver on()");
}
public void off() {
System.out.println("LightReceiver off()");
}
}
class TVReceiver {
public void on() {
System.out.println("TVReceiver on()");
}
public void off() {
System.out.println("TVReceiver off()");
}
}
// 命令调用者(Invoker)角色
public class RemoteControl {
// 打开命令
private Command[] onCommands;
// 关闭命令
private Command[] offCommands;
// 撤销命令
private Command undoCommand;
// 命令类型数目
private int commandSize = 5;
public RemoteControl() {
onCommands = new Command[commandSize];
offCommands = new Command[commandSize];
for (int i = 0; i < commandSize; i++) {
onCommands[i] = new NoCommand();
offCommands[i] = new NoCommand();
}
}
public void setCommand(int index, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
onCommands[index] = onCommand;
offCommands[index] = offCommand;
}
public void onButtonKeyDown(int index) {
onCommands[index].execute();
// 记录当前执行命令,用于撤销
undoCommand = onCommands[index];
}
public void offButtonKeyDown(int index) {
offCommands[index].execute();
// 记录当前执行命令,用于撤销
undoCommand = offCommands[index];
}
public void undoButtonKeyDown(int index) {
undoCommand.undo();
}
}
客户端调用
RemoteControl control = new RemoteControl();
// 执行第1组命令
LightReceiver lightReceiver = new LightReceiver();
LightOnCommand lightOnCommand = new LightOnCommand(lightReceiver);
LightOffCommand lightOffCommand = new LightOffCommand(lightReceiver);
control.setCommand(0, lightOnCommand, lightOffCommand);
control.onButtonKeyDown(0);
control.offButtonKeyDown(0);
control.undoButtonKeyDown(0);
// 执行第2组命令
TVReceiver tvReceiver = new TVReceiver();
TVOnCommand tvOnCommand = new TVOnCommand(tvReceiver);
TVOffCommand tvOffCommand = new TVOffCommand(tvReceiver);
control.setCommand(1, tvOnCommand, tvOffCommand);
control.onButtonKeyDown(1);
control.offButtonKeyDown(1);
control.undoButtonKeyDown(1);