| medical | related to the treatment of illness and injuries | "medical staff n. 医务人员 medical research n. 医学研究 medical student n. 医科学生" | Medical research has led to better treatment for diabetes patients. |
| ailment | an illness or health problem | minor ailments n. 不严重的小病 | Treat minor ailments yourself. |
| disorder | an illness of the mind or body | "a mental disorder n. 精神病 an eating disorder n. 进食障碍" | He suffers from a rare disorder of the liver. |
| diabetes | a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood | | |
| autism | a mental disorder (=problem) that makes people unable to communicate properly, or to form relationships | | |
| therapy | a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illness | "new drug therapies n. 新的药物疗法 therapist n. (某治疗法的)治疗专家 a beauty therapist n. 美容师" | Rob was in therapy for several years. |
| prescribe | to order treatment for someone, or to say what someone should do or use to treat an illness or injury | | He may be able to prescribe you something for that cough. |
| pharmacy | a shop or part of a shop in which medicines are prepared and sold | | |
| pharmaceutical | relating to the production of medicines | the pharmaceutical industry n. 制药业 | |
| a medicine | the development of new pharmaceuticals n. 新药的开发 | Dozens of pharmaceuticals have been detected in minute quantities in treated wastewater. |
| laboratory | a room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for teaching science, or a place where chemicals or medicines are produced | a research laboratory n. 研究实验室 | The company makes analytical equipment for industrial and research laboratories. |
| derive | to get something from something else | | The new drug is derived from fish oil. |
| extract | to remove or take out something | | Oils are extracted from the plants. |
| exploit | to use something in a way that helps you | | No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica. |
| compound | a chemical that combines two or more elements | | Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. |
| chemical | relating to chemicals | "a chemical element n. 化学元素 the chemical industry n. 化学工业" | |
| any basic substance that is used in or produced by a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules | synthetic chemicals n. 合成化学品 | |
| secrete | (of animals or plants or their cells) to produce and release a liquid | secretion n. 分泌物 | The toad's skin secretes a deadly poison. |
| poison | a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them if they eat or drink it | "poisonous adj. 有毒的 poisonous chemicals / plants n. 有毒的化学物质/植物" | The dog was killed by rat poison. |
| to kill a person or animal or to make them very ill by giving them poison | | Someone had been poisoning his food. |
| toxic | poisonous | toxin n. 毒素 | Many pesticides are highly toxic. |
| microorganism | a living thing that on its own is too small to be seen without a microscope | "organism n. 生物, 有机物 " | |
| microbe | a very small living thing, especially one that causes disease, that can only be seen with a microscope | antimicrobial adj. 抗微生物的；抗菌的 | |
| bacteria | very small organisms that are found everywhere and are the cause of many diseases | | |
| virus | an extremely small piece of organic material that causes disease in humans, animals, and plants | the flu virus n. 流感病毒 | |
| fungus | any of various types of organisms that get their food from decaying material or other living things | "fungus infections n. 霉菌感染 fungi n. 真菌（复数形式）" | |
| pathogen | any small organism, such as a virus or a bacterium that can cause disease | pathogenic adj. 病原体的，致病的 | |
| antibiotics | a medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth | | I’m taking an antibiotic for a throat infection. |
| health care | the providing of medical services | | The government has promised wide-ranging health care for all. |
| well-being | the state of feeling healthy and happy | "emotional/physical/psychological well-being n. 情绪/身体/心理健康 a sense/feeling of well-being n. 幸福感" | A good meal promotes a feeling of well-being. |
| epidemic | the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time | "the outbreak of a flu epidemic 流感的爆发 an epidemic of cholera 霍乱的流行" | Over 500 people died during last year's flu epidemic. |
| outbreak | a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant | | Outbreaks of rain are expected in the afternoon. |
| cholera | a serious infection of the bowels caused by drinking infected water or eating infected food, causing diarrhoea, vomiting, and often death | | |
| malaria | a disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquito | | |
| tuberculosis | a serious infectious disease that can attack many parts of a person's body, especially their lungs | | |
| infectious | able to pass a disease from one person, animal, or plant to another | | Flu is highly infectious. |
| infection | a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus | "to increase the risk of infection 增加传染的危险 to be exposed to infection 暴露于易受感染的环境 " | Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection. |
| resistant | not harmed or affected by something | "an infection that's resistant to antibiotics 对抗生素有抗药力的感染 infection-resistant adj. 抗感染的 disease-resistant plants n. 抗病植株" | |
| prevalent | existing very commonly or happening often | a prevalent view n. 普遍的观点 | These prejudices are particularly prevalent among people living in the North. |
| vaccine | a substance containing a virus or bacterium in a form that is not harmful, given to a person or animal to prevent them from getting the disease that the virus or bacterium causes | | There is no vaccine against HIV infection. |
| vaccinate | to give someone a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a disease | | All children should be vaccinated against measles. |
| vaccination | the process or an act of giving someone a vaccine | | Make sure your vaccinations are up to date. |
| eradicate | to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad | | We can eradicate this disease from the world. |
| geography | the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area | "human / physical / economic / social geography 人文 / 自然 / 经济 / 社会地理学 geographical adj. 地理的" | The geography of poverty and the geography of voting are connected. |
| tropical | of or characteristic of the tropics (= the hottest area of the earth) | "tropical fish n. 热带鱼 a tropical island n. 位于热带的岛屿" | The Amazon river basin contains the world's largest tropical rainforest. |
| prone | likely to do, get, or suffer from something | "injury-prone adj. 容易受伤的 tropical-prone adj. 倾向于热带的" | Some plants are very prone to disease. |
| massive | very large in size, amount, or number | a massive rock n. 巨大的 | He took massive doses of vitamin C. |
| smog | air pollution caused by smoke or chemicals mixing with fog | attempts to reduce smog caused by traffic fumes 旨在降低车辆尾气造成的烟雾的措施 | The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons. |
| lung | either of the two organs in the chest that you use for breathing | lung cancer n. 肺癌 | Smoking can cause lung cancer. |
| eyesight | the ability to see | poor / good eyesight n. 视力不好/好 | You need to have your eyesight tested. |
| respiratory | relating to breathing | "the respiratory system n. 呼吸系统 respiratory diseases n. 呼吸道疾病" | Smoking can cause respiratory diseases. |
| asthma | a medical condition that makes breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked | a severe asthma attack n. 哮喘严重发作 | They should not be used to treat an acute asthma attack. |
| ventilation | the movement of fresh air around a closed space, or the system that does this | air ventilation n. 空气通风 | Her room had poor ventilation and in summer it became unbearably stuffy. |
| impairment | deterioration in the functioning of a body part, organ, or system that can be temporary or permanent and can result from injury or disease | "impair v. 损伤 hearing impairment n. 听觉受损" | The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate. |
| detrimental | causing harm or damage | detrimental effect n. 有害影响 | The policy will be detrimental to the peace process. |
| disability | an illness, injury, or condition that makes it difficult for someone to do the things that other people do | | Public places are becoming more accessible to people with disabilities. |
| disabled | not having one or more of the physical or mental abilities that most people have | a support group for parents of disabled children n. 帮助有残障子女的父母的援助团体 | The accident left him severely disabled. |
| neurological | relating to nerves | "neurological damage n. 神经损伤 neurology n. 神经学 neuron n. 神经元" | |
| genetic | belonging or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) received by each animal or plant from its parents | "genetic defects n. 遗传性缺陷 genetic research n. 基因研究 gene n. 基因" | |
| defect | a physical condition in which something is wrong with a part of someone's body | a speech defect n. 言语缺陷 | All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory. |
