| palm | a tree that grows in hot countries and has a tall trunk with a mass of long pointed leaves at the top | a coconut palm n. 椰子树 | The island has long golden beaches fringed by palm trees. |
| trunk | the thick main stem of a tree, from which its branches grow | | He left his bicycle leaning against a tree trunk. |
| branch | one of the parts of a tree that grows out from the main trunk and has leaves, flowers, or fruit on it | | The fruit on the lower branches was protected from the sun. |
| limb | a large branch of a tree | | |
| twig | a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, especially one removed from the tree or bush and without any leaves | | After the storm, the ground was littered with twigs and branches. |
| bark | the hard outer covering of a tree | | |
| timber | wood used for building | houses built of timber n. 木屋 | |
| root | the part of a plant that grows down into the earth to get water and food and holds the plant firm in the ground | "deep spreading root n. 扎得很深的根 root crops/vegetables n. 根茎作物 / 蔬菜 " | |
| seed | a small, round or oval object produced by a plant and from which, when it is planted, a new plant can grow | plant/sow seeds v. 播种 | Sow the seeds one inch deep in the soil. |
| slender | thin and delicate, often in a way that is attractive | | The trunk is slender and smooth. |
| smooth | having a surface or consisting of a substance that is perfectly regular and has no holes, lumps, or areas that rise or fall suddenly | | |
| thick | having a large distance between two sides | | |
| rough | not even or smooth, often because of being in bad condition | | |
| foliage | the leaves of a plant or tree | dense green foliage n. 茂密的绿叶 | Dense foliage blocked the path. |
| vein | A vein is also any of the many small tubes in the leaves of plants that carry sap (= liquid containing a plant's food) | | |
| stem | the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers, or fruit grow | | |
| cluster | a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something | | The plant bears its flowers in clusters. |
| to form or gather together | | Industries in Britain tend to be clustered together. |
| sap | the liquid that carries food to all parts of a plant | | Maple syrup is made from sap extracted from the sugar maple tree. |
| tap | to cut into a tree in order to get liquid from it | | |
| strip | to remove, pull, or tear the covering or outer layer from something | | Deer had stripped all the bark off the tree. |
| flesh | The flesh of a fruit or vegetable is the soft, inner part | | Cut the melon in half and scoop out the flesh. |
| layer | The flesh of a fruit or vegetable is the soft, inner part | | A thin layer of dust covered everything. |
| mature | completely grown physically | immature adj. 未成熟的 | Mature apple trees are typically 20 feet tall. |
| flourish | to grow or develop successfully | | Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here. |
| thrive | to grow, develop, or be successful | | She seems to thrive on hard work. |
| harvest | to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish to eat | | Farmers sort the vegetables when they harvest. |
| the activity or time of gathering a crop, or a crop that is gathered | a good/bad harvest n. 丰收/歉收 | We had a good harvest this year. |
| source | the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something | renewable energy sources n. 可再生资源 | Your local library will be a useful source of information. |
| fuel | a substance that is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned | fossil fuel n. 化石燃料 | |
| charcoal | a hard, black substance similar to coal that can be used as fuel or, in the form of sticks, as something to draw with | cooking over a charcoal fire 在炭火上烧饭菜 | I prefer sketching in charcoal to pencil. |
| coal | a hard, black substance that is dug from the earth in lumps and used as a fuel, or a single piece of this substance | | Some of those schools still use coal for their heating. |
| fibre | a substance in certain foods, such as fruit, vegetables, and brown bread, that travels through the body as waste and helps the contents of the bowels to pass through the body easily | "dietary fibre n. 饮食纤维素 a high- /low-fibre diet n. 纤维素含量高 / 低的饮食 " | Dried fruits are especially high in fibre. |
| fibrous | made of fibres, or like fibre | fibrous tissue n. 纤维组织 | The coconut has a fibrous outer covering. |
| furniture | things such as chairs, tables, beds, cupboards, etc. that are put into a house or other building to make it suitable and comfortable for living or working in | garden/office furniture n. 花园/办公室家具 | We need to buy some new furniture. |
| construction | the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc. | construct v. 建筑；修建；建造 | Our new offices are still under construction. |
| industry | the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area | "construction industry n. 建筑行业 the catering/tourist industry n. 饮食/旅游行业" | The city needs to attract more industry. |
| manufacture | to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines | "manufactured adj. 大量生产的 manufactured goods n. 工业品，制成品" | The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods. |
| produce | to make something or bring something into existence | "mass-produced adj. (用机器)批量生产的 mass-produced goods n. (用机器)批量生产的货物" | The clothes they wear are cheap and mass-produced. |
