| origin | the place or situation in which something begins to exist | original adj. 最初的，独创的 | The tradition has its origins in the Middle Ages. |
| urban | relating to towns and cities | urban area 城市地区 | Public order is primarily an urban problem. |
| date back to | | | The concept dates back to 1881. |
| perceive | to notice, see, or recognize something | "perceivable adj. 可感知的 perception n. 感知能力" | Cats are not able to perceive colour. |
| threat | a statement in which you tell someone that you will cause them harm or trouble if they do not do what you want | "pose a threat 威胁 threaten v.威胁" | Your threats don't scare me. |
| consume | to use time, energy, goods | "consumer n. 消费者 consumerism n. 消费主义 consumption n. 消费，使用" | A smaller vehicle will consume less fuel. |
| distribute | to spread something over a large area or to share things among a group of people, especially in a planned way | distribution n. 分发 | These books are distributed freely. |
| leaflet | a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving information on a particular subject. | hand / pass / give / send out a leaflet | They stood there, giving out the leaflets to the passers-by. |
| oppose | to disagree with something such as a plan or idea and try to prevent it from happening or succeeding. | be opposed to 反对 | I strongly oppose that contention. |
| conscious | noticing or realizing something | "subconscious adj. 潜意识的 unconscious adj. 无意识的" | I became conscious of someone watching me. |
| be prone to | likely to do something or suffer from something | | Some of those products were prone to catching fire. |
| vandalism | the crime of deliberately damaging things | vandal n. 破坏公物者 | Police are investigating the vandalism. |
| theft | the crime of stealing | thief n. 小偷 | Car theft is on the increase. |
| inspire | to encourage someone by making them feel confident | inspiration n. 鼓舞 | We need someone who can inspire the team. |
| model on | someone or something which people want to copy | | "I'll send you a picture to model it on. |
| " | | |
| strategy | planned series of actions for achieving something | strategic adj. 战略性的 | We must develop a strategy to deal with the problem. |
| manage | to direct or control a business or department and the people, equipment, and money involved in it. | "management n.管理 manageable adj. 易管理的" | He’s not good at managing people. |
| project | a carefully planned piece of work to get information about something, to build something, to improve something | project manager n. 项目经理 | He’s doing a class project on pollution. |
| organise | to make the necessary arrangements so that an activity can happen effectively | "organ n. 器官 organic adj. 有机的 organisation n. 组织，机构" | They organised a meeting between the teachers and students. |
| self-organisation | self-management | | |
| disorder | a situation in which things or people are very untidy or disorganized | | The whole office was in a state of disorder. |
| detrimental | causing harm or damage | be detrimental to | These chemicals have a detrimental impact on the environment. |
| productivity | the rate at which goods are produced, and the amount produced, especially in relation to the work, time, and money needed to produce them | "produce v. 生产 production n.产量 productive adj. 多产的" | Studies show that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity increases. |
| innovate | to start to use new ideas, methods, or inventions | "innovation n. 新观念 innovative adj. 革新的" | The fashion industry is always trying to innovate. |
| engage | to be doing or to become involved in an activity | "engagement n. 订婚 engaging adj. 令人愉快的" | Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise. |
| involve | part of or a result of something | involvement n. 参与 | They said that the job would involve travelling to Paris. |
| ownership | the fact that you own something | own v. 拥有 | The price of home ownership is increasing. |
| title | the name given to a particular book, painting, play etc | heading n.标题 | The title of this play is 'Othello'. |
| job titles | a name that describes someone's job or position | | What’s your job title now- are you managing director? |
| hierarchy | a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance. | "hierarchic adj. 等级制的 hierarchism n.阶级制度" | He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become party leader. |
