| schooling | education at school | school n. 学校 | Jack didn't receive much formal schooling. |
| parenting | the raising of children and all the responsibilities and activities that are involved in it. | parent n. 父母 | You can use our parenting tips to teach your children to have better manners, habits and behaviors. |
| compulsory | If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law; | compulsorily adv.义务地 | English is compulsory for all students, but art and music are optional. |
| optional | If something is optional, you can choose if you want to do it, pay it, buy it, etc. | option n. 选择 | Do come to the party- fancy dress is optional. |
| value | the amount of money that can be received for something; | | The value of the painting has been put at $1 million. |
| value | to consider something important | | I've always valued her advice. |
| values | the principles that help you to decide what is right and wrong, and how to act in various situations. | | The government called for a return to traditional values. |
| valuable | worth a lot of money | | These antiques are extremely valuable. |
| invaluable | extremely useful | | The new job will provide you with invaluable experience. |
| mixed-ability | involving students of different levels of ability | "mixed-ability teaching/classes mix v./n. 混合 mixed adj. 混合的" | |
| accuracy | the fact of being exact or correct | a degree of accuracy | The computer will calculate your position with pinpoint accuracy. |
| accurate | exact, correct, and without any mistakes | "an accurate machine; an accurate description" | We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes. |
| subject | an area of knowledge that is studied in school, college, or university | | Her favourite subjects at school were history and English. |
| hard work | work intelligently and vigorously | hard-working adj. 勤奋的 | It takes hard work to be successful in business. |
| obligatory | If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law, etc. | obligation n. 责任，义务 | The medical examination before you start work is obligatory. |
| module | one of the parts that a course of study is divided into, which covers a particular subject and often has its own examination. | | The course will include a 3-week module on environmental management. |
| principle | a moral rule or standard of good behaviour | | She doesn’t have any principles. |
| adaptable | to change, or to change something, to suit different conditions or uses | adapt v. 适应 | Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system. |
| aware | knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing | awareness n. 意识 | People are becoming far more aware of environmental issues. |
| capacity | the total amount that can be contained or produced | "professional capacity 专业能力 writing capacity 写作能力 individual capacity 个人能力 capable adj. 有能力的" | He has a great capacity for learning languages. |
| cognitive | connected with thinking or conscious mental processes | "cognitive behaviour/development 认知行为/认知能力的发展 cognitive psychology 认知心理学 cognition n. 认知" | Some of her cognitive functions have been impaired. |
| creativity | the ability to produce or use original and unusual ideas | "create v. 创造 creative adj. 有创造力的" | This toy will help children with their creativity. |
| crucial | extremely important or necessary | | Her work has been crucial to the project's success. |
| domain | an area of interest or an area over which a person has control | | These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody). |
| emotional | relating to the emotions | "emotional development 情感发展 emotion n. 情感" | My doctor said the problem was more emotional than physical. |
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| facilitate | to make something possible or easier | facility n. 设备 | The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow. |
| intellectual | relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas | intelligent adj. 有才智的 | Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation. |
| physical | relating to the body | "physical exercise/fitness/strength/disabilities 体育锻炼/身体健康/体力/身体残疾" | I'm not a very physical sort of person (= I don't enjoy physical activities). |
| problem-solving | the process of finding solutions to problems | problem-solving abilities/skills/strategies 解决问题的能力/技能/策略 | The programme offers training in basic problem-solving strategies and is suitable for all levels. |
| regulate | to control something, especially by making it work in a particular way | "regular adj. 有规律的 regulation n. 规则" | Her mother strictly regulates how much TV she can watch. |
| significant | important or noticeable | significance n. 意义 | The question under discussion is significant. |
| social | relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and that happen during the time when you are not working | social events 社交活动 | I had an active social life when I was at college. |
| activity | something that is done for enjoyment, especially an organized event | "act v. 活动 active adj. 活跃的 action n. 动作" | His spare-time activities include cooking, tennis, and windsurfing. |
| autonomy | the ability to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else | autonomous adj. 自主的 | The universities want to preserve their autonomy from central government. |
| backup | support or help, or someone or something that provides support or help | educational backup 教育支持 | They didn’t realize when they hired him that he had a backup band. |
| challenging | difficult, in a way that tests your ability or determination | challenge n./v. 挑战 | The year ahead will be challenging for us all. |
| compensate | to take the place of something useful or needed with something else of similar value | compensation n. 补偿 | When you have a disability, you learn to compensate by doing other things well. |
| competent | able to do something well | | I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job. |
| diminish | to reduce or be reduced in size or importance | | We've seen our house diminish greatly/sharply/substantially in value over the last six months. |
| direct | to control or be in charge of an activity, organization, etc. | "direction n. 方向 directional adj. 方向的 directionless adj. 无方向的" | She directs a large charity. |
| educational | providing education or relating to education | "educate v. 教育 education n. 教育 educational establishment/institution 教育机构" | She seems to have spent all her life studying in educational establishments. |
| encouragement | words or behaviour that give someone confidence to do something | encourage v. 鼓励 | Children need lots of encouragement from their parents. |
| exceptionally | in a way that is much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc | "except prep. 除了 exception n. 例外 exceptional adj. 例外的；特别的" | He is an exceptionally talented teacher. |
| focused | giving a lot of attention to one particular thing | focus n./v. 专注 | There should be more focused effort on improving the availability and quality of these products. |
| gifted | having special ability in a particular subject or activity | gift n. 天赋 | Schools often fail to meet the needs of gifted children. |
| goal | an aim or purpose | "reach/achieve a goal 达成目标 the main/primary/ultimate goal 主要/首要/终极目标" | The sales team have set themselves a series of goals to achieve by the end of the month. |
| material | information used when writing something such as a book, or information produced in various forms to help people or to advertise products | | I'm in the process of collecting material for an article that I'm writing. |
| means | a method or way of doing something | | They had no means of communication. |
| outcome | a result or effect of an action, situation, etc. | | It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting. |
| score | the number of points, goals, etc. achieved in a game or competition | IQ score 智商分数 | Could you keep (= record) the score at this afternoon's game? |
| technique | a way of doing an activity that needs skill | | She's a wonderfully creative dancer but she doesn't have the technique of a truly great performer. |
| transfer | to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person, or group to another | | We were transferred from one bus into another. |
| tuition | teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university | tutor n. 辅导员 | All students receive tuition in logic and metaphysics. |
| verbal | spoken rather than written | verbal communication 口头沟通 | Airport officials received a stream of verbal abuse from angry passengers whose flights had been delayed. |
| behaviour | the way that someone behaves | "behave v. 行动，举止 behavioural adj. 行为的" | His research involved the study of instinctive behaviour in birds. |
| character | the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that makes them different from others | | It's not in his character to be (= he is not usually) jealous. |
| cultivate | to try to develop and improve something | "cultivate an interest 培养兴趣 cultivate friendships 培养友谊" | We’re trying to help these kids cultivate an interest in science. |
| ignorance | lack of knowledge, understanding, or information about something | ignore v. 忽视 | Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern. |
| optimism | the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen | "optimist n. 乐观主义者 optimistic adj. 乐观的 optimistically adv. 乐观地" | There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future. |
| passion | a powerful emotion or its expression, esp. the emotion of love, anger, or hate | | Football arouses a good deal of passion among its fans. |
| personality | the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think | | She has a very warm personality. |
| potential | someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve, or succeed | "commercial potential 商业潜力 economic potential 经济潜力" | The region has enormous potential for economic development. |
| psychologist | someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on people | psychology n. 心理学 | She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist. |
| pursuit | the act of trying to achieve a plan, activity, or situation, usually over a long period of time | pursue v. 追求 | The company is ruthless in its pursuit of profit. |
| quality | a characteristic or feature of someone or something | leadership qualities 领导特质 | He has a lot of good qualities but being organised isn't one of them. |
| realise | to achieve something you were hoping for | | They finally realised their goal of buying a summer home. |
| tolerate | to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them | "tolerant adj. 能容忍的 tolerance n. 容忍 intolerant adj. 不能容忍的" | I will not tolerate that kind of behaviour in my class. |
| trait | a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour | personality/character trait 个性特征 | His sense of humour is one of his better traits. |
| transformation | a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that that thing or person is improved | "transform v. 转变 transformational adj. 转变的" | This plan means a complete transformation of our organisation. |
