1.过去时
1.1 例文（狼人芬里尔：昨日之境）
The gods intended to bind the monstrous wolf,Fenrir.They had made three fetters to chalenge the wolf,
- 诸神先后打造了3根锁链企图将巨狼锁住
both of which were torn apart by it.
- 但是前两根都被Fenrir轻松挣断了
But the the third ond had been made by the dwarves 6 mythical ingredients
- 侏儒用六种罕见的事物锻造成一根名为“Gleinir”的魔链
And it looked like silk but it was very strong
- 它柔软如丝绸，但却韧性十足
The gods were hoping to trick the wolf into the third fetter,but the monster was no fool.
- 诸神想把它困在第三根锁链中，但是Fenrir并不傻
It was thinking of an exit strategy.
- Fenrir想出了对策
My escape from one silky rope won't be deemed heroic
- 如果我挣脱了，外界也不会尊我为英雄
But I will suffer bitter consequences if I fail
- 如果我挣脱失败，岂不是正中了你们的下怀
Unless,one of you places an arm in my jaw in good faith
- 除非在座的天神中，有一位愿意把手放进我的嘴里
In the end,the war god T'ry lost his right hand and the wolf was bound securely by the fetter
- 接下来诸神各自用沉默推诿，只有战神迪尔挺身而出，把手放进了巨狼的大嘴
In the end,the war god Try lost his right hand and the wolf was bound securely by the fetter
- 接下来诸神各自用沉默推诿，只有战神迪尔挺身而出，把手放进了巨狼的大嘴
1.2 一般过去时
In the end,the war god T'ry lost his right hand and the wolf was bound securely by the fetter.
强调的是动作的完整性，动作的延展性不足。 假设一般过去时所描述的动作当做是一条直线，那么象征动作的开始与结束两端都是闭合的状态。
1.3 过去进行时
The gods were hoping to trick the wolf into the third fetter,but the monster was no fool.
It was thinking of an exit strategy.
强调动作正在发生
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
Mr.Taylor,the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display.
1.3 过去完成时
They had made three fetters to chalenge the wolf both of which were torn apart by it.
过去的过去，是一个相对的时间概念。 通过时间差的表达，可以进行隐喻。
She had died by the time he arrived at the hospital.
- 直译也许是“当他到达医院时，她去世了”，而通过过去完成时的方式表达，隐喻着“他连她最后一面也没看到”的意思。
I said YES the moment she had invited me to her birthday party.
- 隐喻着“迫不及待，欣然回答”的意思。
2.将来时
2.1 例文（洛基的赌局）
Loki,the God of Mischief,who is very nauty is going to set a bet with two dwarves,Sindri and his brother Brokkr.
- 恶作剧之神洛基可调皮了，他要和两个侏儒打赌
Loki bets his head that they could never make items more beautiful than Odin's spear Gungnir.
- 洛基用自己的头作为赌注，赌他们永远锻造不出比永恒之枪更美的兵器了
Sindri says to his brother,This is going to be a difficult task for us,especially you,
- 辛德利对弟弟说，这活儿不好做，尤其对于你来说，
baceuse Loki will be trying everything to stop us from winning.You are to listen carefully and do exactly as I say
- 因为洛基一定会想尽办法来阻挠。你得仔细听好，按照我的说法去做
Brokkr answers:"No worries,my brother,we will prevail in the end.We will win the best."
- 弟弟回答说：“哥哥不用担心，我们志在必得，胜利定属于我们。”
And Brokrr says to Loki:"you shall regret it before long."
- 弟弟还对洛基喊话：“你小子肯定很快会后悔和我们打赌的！”
Stadri tells Brokrr not to stop pumping the bellows.
- 哥哥让弟弟千万别停下锻造炉的风箱
Loki turns into a fly and bites Brokrr on the eyelid so hard that he has two wipe his eyes.
- 但是狡猾的洛基变化为一只苍蝇，狠狠咬了弟弟的眼睛。疼痛无比的弟弟用手去揉
When Sindri takes MjoInir out of the forge,he finds that the handle is shorter than planned.
- 当辛德利从锻造炉中取出锤子，他发现手柄比原来设计短了一截
Despite the flaw in the handle,the dwarves win the bet and go to take Loki's head
- 虽然锤柄短了点，侏儒兄弟还是赌赢了洛基，前去取洛基人头
Loki is about to turn on his heel,but the dwarves get hold of him and sew his mouth shut to teach him a lesson
- 但是洛基就要转身逃走时，侏儒们抓住了他，并把他的嘴给缝了起来，作为教训
2.2 将来时时态家族的几个误区
2.2.1 shall
shall只用在第一人称I和We后面，这是错误的认知。
shall完全可以与第二人称you作搭配，表达威胁、恐吓、命令的口吻。
You shall regret it before long.
- 你很快就会后悔的！
You shall not pass!
- 你不能通过！
2.2.2 will do
will do 只能表达时间概念，这是错误的认知。
will 更偏向于是个情态动词，可表示说话人的预测或意愿。
I will buy a house and there is nothing you can do to stop me!
- 我就是要买房，你做什么都阻止不了我。
2.2.3 I will 和 I shall
I will 和 I shall 可以随时互换，这是错误的认知。
当will和shall各自独具的特色用法时，两者就不能随便替换。
I shall drown,no one will save me!
- 我快淹死了，都没人来救我！
I will drown,no one shall save me!
- 我就要淹死（will表示意愿），谁也不要来救我（shall表示命令的语气）！
2.2.4 will be doing
will be doing包含2种意义：
- 传统语法中的将来进行时,表达细节化、真实化的感受，用来描写计划安排,而这往往会有一个时间的参照
- I will be taking my math final tomorrow at 10 a.m.
- This time tomorrow I will be taking my driving test.
- 其实也会用来表达情态意味的理当如此、理应当然，而这往往需要一个小小的前文语境描述来支持，甚至于达到一种 must be doing 的效果
- Since they are your friends,you will be doing things you enjoy together with them.
- He will be trying everything to stop us from winning the bet.(他一定会想方设法阻挠我们赢得这场赌斗！)
2.3 将来时补充结构
2.3.1 be going to do
- 表示将来事件，是对将来的某种打算
- She is going to married soon.
- 也可以根据上下文表示对将来事件的预测
- This is goning to be a long night for me.
- He is going to cause so much trouble for us.
2.3.2 be to do
表示安排、命令、威胁、注定要发生的事，侧重于表达“他人的意志”而非主语“自己的意志”。
- You are to listen carefully and do exactly as I say.
2.3.3 be about to do
表示即将发生的事，“十分临近”的将来，an immediate future,通常不出现额外的时间状语。
- The meeting is about to begin,So why don't you grad a chair and settle down.
- The train is about to leave.Hurry up.
3.英语动词
3.1 例文（瓦尔基里：多面手女武神）
Odin sends us to every battle,where we choose which men die,and we determine who was victory.
- 因为奥丁神要在人间战场上挑选英勇善战的阵亡战士，所以我们被送往每一个战场。
In Valhalla,the Hall of the Slain,the dead join those who have been killed in combat as well as many legendary heroes and kings who have passed away.
- 英灵殿中，皆为战役中被杀之骁勇战士以及众多已故的英雄豪杰、帝王将相们。
On their missions,Valkyries will speak to a fallen soldier: Your time is running out.
- 执行护送使命时，女武神会对一名倒下的士兵说：你已耗尽人世的时间。
My fallen warrior,who could have died unnoticed,you are being tested by death at the moment.
- 你的阵亡原本可能悄然无声，但是我的勇士，现在，你正接受着死亡的考验。
Your bravery must have been the reason why Odin requires you at Valhalla.
- 定是因为你的英勇无畏，奥丁才会希望你去往英灵殿。
And you will be aiding him in the coming Ragnarok.
- 你将协助奥丁，面对即将到来的诸神黄昏。
But a Valkyrie is much more than just an escort.
- 但是女武神可远不止“亡灵护送小分队”这么简单
They serve wine and mead for the chosen ones at Valhalla.
- 她们在英灵殿为英灵们端酒送茶
they stand behind Odin as his guardians.
- 她们也是奥丁的贴身保镖
they are appear as Odin's representatives in various occasions. 她们还是奥丁的象征与标志，代表主神大人出现在各种场合。
Therefore,the Valkyries are indeed mutil-tasking goddeness!
- 神话里的女武神瓦尔基里是不折不扣的“多面女神”。
3.2 时、式、态、气
3.2.1 动作的时间
过去时、现在时、将来时
过去将来时
- Yesterday he told me that he would go to England in a few days.
3.2.2 动词的式样
一般式、进行式、完成式
完成进行式
现在进行式
- Your time is going out.
3.2.3 动词的语态
主动语态、被动语态
be doing,“主动语态”
- Your time is going out.
be done,“被动语态”
进行式的被动语态：be being done,是be doing和be done的结合体
3.2.4 动词的语气
-
陈述语句
-
祈使语句，传达命令、请求的口吻,隐藏了主语，句子以动词原型为开头
- Sit down,please.
- Don't leave me along.
- Shut up.
- Ge lost.
-
虚拟语气
- 推断语气
- The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.(证据表明这个城市曾经高度发达，是一种推断，属于虚拟语气，所以用must have done来表达，而不是用陈述语气的was)
- This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved.
- 推断语气
4.过去完成进行式
4.1 例文（彩虹桥上的海姆达尔）
In Norse mythology,Bifrost was a buring rainbow bridge
- 在北欧神话中，有这么一座燃烧着七彩光晕的大桥
that reached between Midgard and Asgard,the realm of the gods
- 连接着人类中土世界与神界亚斯格特.
The bridge consisted of three colors.The colors were not mentioned,
- 虽说“彩虹”二字让我们联想到7种色彩
but Bifrost appeared red as there was a burning fire on it to show the way to Asgard.
- 但我们可以确定，其中一种颜色是红色，因为桥上有神火加持，点亮通向神域之路
The bridge had great strength and was not destroyed under normal circumstances
- 此桥自带神力，正常情况下是不可能损坏的
But it was broken when Muspell's lads,the giants of fire,attempted to cross it
- 不过，在“诸神黄昏”之战中，火族巨人穆佩尔之子，成为了这座桥的终结者
The god Heimdallr,who had been guarding it from the gaints since ancient timens
- 这位守护神就是大名鼎鼎的海姆佩尔，他自古以来就把守着神域阿斯加德的入口
stood before the rainbow bridge while blowing a horn called Gjallarhorn.
- 手持名为“加拉尔”的警告号角
Heimdallr was attested as possessing foreknowledge,keen eyesight and hearing.
- 海姆佩尔具有先知能力，同时拥有最好的眼睛
He could see in the darkness
- 即使在黑夜中也可看到极远
and hear the sounds of growing grass and animal hairs.
- 他的耳朵十分灵敏，连草木、羊毛生长的声音也可以听到
He could keep watch without sleep or rest.His dwelling was Himinbjorg.
- 海姆达尔不会疲惫，日夜坚守在彩虹桥头
He is described as "the whitest of the gods"
- 他也被叫做“白神”或“白阿萨”，因为他的皮肤白皙
and kept watch for the onset of Ragnarok where he battled his enemy Loki and died the last among the gods
- 在诸神的黄昏中，海姆达尔和洛基展开对决，同时，他也是最后倒下的神
4.2 had been doing
把一个发生在过去的动作展开精细化描写，个人理解是附加补充信息。
过去完成进行式 had been doing,强调的是某个时间节点前，动作的持续进行，带有的某种情绪、
过去完成式 had doing，强调完成。
She had been working here for 10 years before the new boss came.
- 精细化描写：before the new boss came
The god Heimdallr,who had been guarding it from the giants since ancient times,stood before the rainbow bridge while blowing a horn called Gjallarhorn.
The small ship,Elkor,which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks,was on its way home.
- had bee searching "搜寻"这个动作是先于主句动作was on its way home
- 搜索工作有没有终结，答案是个未知数
- had been searching这个动作有强烈的绵延感、持续发生，不仅与后方时间状语for weeks完美贴合，同时体现出艾克号工作人员的持续作业的高度工作热情
- had been searching 的重点是落在进行式上，为了凸显全体船员迫切的希望于用力搜索的工作态度
The captain knew that another attempt would be made later,for the sunken ship (that,被省略了) he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.
The captain knew that another attempt would be made later,for the sunken ship (that,被省略了) he was trying to find had carried a precious cargo of gold bullion.
- 不能替换成had carried,因为船上是否有金条对于当时的船长而言是未知的，要凸显的是船长那时坚信船上有金条所以努力搜寻，而用过去完成式had carried表达的意思将变成已经搜寻过了，有没有金条变成了已知结果
The captain knew that another attempt would be made later,for the sunken ship that（完整句子是还有一个that来连接） he was trying to find was carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.
- 如果用过去进行式was carrying，过去进行式was carrying 与定于从句he was trying to find的时间层次感就错乱了
