关于自动释放池
Application Kit在事件循环每个周期开始的时候在主线程创建一个自动释放池,并在每次循环结束时销毁它,从而释放自动释放池中的所有autorelease对象。通常情况下我们不需要手动创建自动释放池,但是如果我们在循环中创建了很多临时的autorelease对象,则手动创建自动释放池来管理这些对象可以很大程度地减少内存峰值。
以上是官方文档的一段介绍
创建自动释放池
- 在
MRC下,可以使用NSAutoreleasePool或者@autoreleasepool。建议使用@autoreleasepool,苹果说它比NSAutoreleasePool快大约六倍。
NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
// Code benefitting from a local autorelease pool.
[pool release]; // [pool drain]
注:Objective-C 语言本身是支持 GC 机制的,但有平台局限性,仅限于 MacOS 开发中,iOS 开发用的是 RC 机制。在 iOS 的 RC 环境下
[pool release]和[pool drain]效果一样,但在 GC 环境下drain会触发 GC 而release不做任何操作。使用[pool drain]更佳,一是它的功能对系统兼容性更强,二是这样可以跟普通对象的release区别开。
- 在
ARC下,已经禁止使用NSAutoreleasePool类创建自动释放池,只能使用@autoreleasepool。
实现原理
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
NSString * appDelegateClassName;
@autoreleasepool {
// Setup code that might create autoreleased objects goes here.
appDelegateClassName = NSStringFromClass([AppDelegate class]);
}
return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, appDelegateClassName);
}
通过 Clang clang -rewrite-objc main.m 将以上代码转换为C++代码,可以看到自动释放池相关代码主要如下:
struct __AtAutoreleasePool {
__AtAutoreleasePool() {
atautoreleasepoolobj = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();
}
~__AtAutoreleasePool() {
objc_autoreleasePoolPop(atautoreleasepoolobj);
}
void * atautoreleasepoolobj;
};
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
/* @autoreleasepool */
{ __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; }
return 0;
}
可以看到:
@autoreleasepool底层是创建了一个__AtAutoreleasePool结构体对象;- 在创建
__AtAutoreleasePool结构体时会在构造函数中调用objc_autoreleasePoolPush()函数,并返回一个atautoreleasepoolobj(POOL_BOUNDARY存放的内存地址); - 在释放
__AtAutoreleasePool结构体时会在析构函数中调用objc_autoreleasePoolPop()函数,并将atautoreleasepoolobj传入。 接着看以上提到的两个函数的实现:
// NSObject.mm
void * objc_autoreleasePoolPush(void)
{
return AutoreleasePoolPage::push();
}
void objc_autoreleasePoolPop(void *ctxt)
{
AutoreleasePoolPage::pop(ctxt);
}
由上可知,两个函数其实是调用了AutoreleasePoolPage类的两个类方法push()和pop()。所以@autoreleasepool底层就是使用AutoreleasePoolPage类来实现的。
AutoreleasePoolPage类的定义:
// objc4-756.2
// NSObject.mm
class AutoreleasePoolPage
{
# define EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER ((id*)1) // EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER:表示一个空自动释放池的占位符
# define POOL_BOUNDARY nil // POOL_BOUNDARY:哨兵对象
static pthread_key_t const key = AUTORELEASE_POOL_KEY;
static uint8_t const SCRIBBLE = 0xA3; // 用来标记已释放的对象
static size_t const SIZE = // 每个 Page 对象占用 4096 个字节内存
#if PROTECT_AUTORELEASEPOOL // PAGE_MAX_SIZE = 4096
PAGE_MAX_SIZE; // must be muliple of vm page size
#else
PAGE_MAX_SIZE; // size and alignment, power of 2
#endif
static size_t const COUNT = SIZE / sizeof(id); // Page 的个数
magic_t const magic; // 用来校验 Page 的结构是否完整
id *next; // 指向下一个可存放 autorelease 对象地址的位置,初始化指向 begin()
pthread_t const thread; // 指向当前线程
AutoreleasePoolPage * const parent; // 指向父结点,首结点的 parent 为 nil
AutoreleasePoolPage *child; // 指向子结点,尾结点的 child 为 nil
uint32_t const depth; // Page 的深度,从 0 开始递增
uint32_t hiwat;
......
}
// NSObject.mm
class AutoreleasePoolPage : private AutoreleasePoolPageData
{
friend struct thread_data_t;
public:
static size_t const SIZE =
#if PROTECT_AUTORELEASEPOOL
PAGE_MAX_SIZE; // must be multiple of vm page size
#else
PAGE_MIN_SIZE; // size and alignment, power of 2
#endif
private:
static pthread_key_t const key = AUTORELEASE_POOL_KEY;
static uint8_t const SCRIBBLE = 0xA3; // 0xA3A3A3A3 after releasing
static size_t const COUNT = SIZE / sizeof(id);
// EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER is stored in TLS when exactly one pool is
// pushed and it has never contained any objects. This saves memory
// when the top level (i.e. libdispatch) pushes and pops pools but
// never uses them.
# define EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER ((id*)1)
# define POOL_BOUNDARY nil
// SIZE-sizeof(*this) bytes of contents follow
......
}
// NSObject-internal.h
class AutoreleasePoolPage;
struct AutoreleasePoolPageData
{
magic_t const magic;
__unsafe_unretained id *next;
pthread_t const thread;
AutoreleasePoolPage * const parent;
AutoreleasePoolPage *child;
uint32_t const depth;
uint32_t hiwat;
AutoreleasePoolPageData(__unsafe_unretained id* _next, pthread_t _thread, AutoreleasePoolPage* _parent, uint32_t _depth, uint32_t _hiwat)
: magic(), next(_next), thread(_thread),
parent(_parent), child(nil),
depth(_depth), hiwat(_hiwat)
{
}
};
整个程序运行过程中,可能会有多个AutoreleasePoolPage对象。从它的定义可以得知:
- 自动释放池(即所有的
AutoreleasePoolPage对象)是以栈为结点通过双向链表的形式组合而成; - 自动释放池与线程一一对应;
- 每个
AutoreleasePoolPage对象占用4096字节内存,其中56个字节用来存放它内部的成员变量,剩下的空间(4040个字节)用来存放autorelease对象的地址。
从数据结构来看,自动释放池的本质就是以栈为节点的双向链表 其内存分布图如下:
后面主要看下push()、pop()以及autorelease方法的实现。
push
static inline void *push()
{
id *dest;
if (DebugPoolAllocation) { // 出错时进入调试状态
// Each autorelease pool starts on a new pool page.
dest = autoreleaseNewPage(POOL_BOUNDARY);
} else {
dest = autoreleaseFast(POOL_BOUNDARY); // 传入 POOL_BOUNDARY 哨兵对象
}
assert(dest == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER || *dest == POOL_BOUNDARY);
return dest;
}
static inline id *autoreleaseFast(id obj)
{
AutoreleasePoolPage *page = hotPage(); // 双向链表中的最后一个 Page
if (page && !page->full()) { // 如果当前 Page 存在且未满
return page->add(obj); // 将 autorelease 对象入栈,即添加到当前 Page 中;
} else if (page) { // 如果当前 Page 存在但已满
return autoreleaseFullPage(obj, page); // 创建一个新的 Page,并将 autorelease 对象添加进去
} else { // 如果当前 Page 不存在,即还没创建过 Page
return autoreleaseNoPage(obj); // 创建第一个 Page,并将 autorelease 对象添加进去
}
}
- 当创建一个自动释放池时,会调用
push()方法。push()方法中调用了autoreleaseFast()方法并传入了POOL_BOUNDARY哨兵对象。 autoreleaseFast()中先是调用了hotPage()方法获得未满的Page;每当Page满了的时候,就会创建一个新的Page。hotPage()方法就是用来获得这个新创建的未满的Page。autoreleaseFast()在执行过程中有三种情况:- 当前
Page存在且未满时,通过page->add(obj)将autorelease对象入栈,即添加到当前Page中 - 当前
Page存在但已满时,通过autoreleaseFullPage(obj, page)创建一个新的Page,并将autorelease对象添加进去 - 当前
Page不存在,即还没创建过Page,通过autoreleaseNoPage(obj)创建第一个Page,并将autorelease对象添加进去 下面我们来看一下以上提到的三个方法的实现:
- 当前
id *add(id obj)
{
assert(!full());
unprotect();
id *ret = next; // faster than `return next-1` because of aliasing
*next++ = obj;
protect();
return ret;
}
page->add(obj)其实就是将autorelease对象添加到Page中的next指针所指向的位置,并将next指针指向这个对象的下一个位置,然后将该对象的位置返回。
static __attribute__((noinline))
id *autoreleaseFullPage(id obj, AutoreleasePoolPage *page)
{
// The hot page is full.
// Step to the next non-full page, adding a new page if necessary.
// Then add the object to that page.
assert(page == hotPage());
assert(page->full() || DebugPoolAllocation);
do {
if (page->child) page = page->child;
else page = new AutoreleasePoolPage(page);
} while (page->full());
setHotPage(page);
return page->add(obj);
}
autoreleaseFullPage()方法中通过while循环,通过Page的child指针找到最后一个Page。
- 如果最后一个
Page未满,就通过page->add(obj)将autorelease对象添加到最后一个Page中; - 如果最后一个
Page已满,就创建一个新的Page并将该Page设置为hotPage,通过page->add(obj)将autorelease对象添加进去。
static __attribute__((noinline))
id *autoreleaseNoPage(id obj)
{
// "No page" could mean no pool has been pushed
// or an empty placeholder pool has been pushed and has no contents yet
assert(!hotPage());
bool pushExtraBoundary = false;
if (haveEmptyPoolPlaceholder()) {
// We are pushing a second pool over the empty placeholder pool
// or pushing the first object into the empty placeholder pool.
// Before doing that, push a pool boundary on behalf of the pool
// that is currently represented by the empty placeholder.
pushExtraBoundary = true;
}
else if (obj != POOL_BOUNDARY && DebugMissingPools) {
// We are pushing an object with no pool in place,
// and no-pool debugging was requested by environment.
_objc_inform("MISSING POOLS: (%p) Object %p of class %s "
"autoreleased with no pool in place - "
"just leaking - break on "
"objc_autoreleaseNoPool() to debug",
pthread_self(), (void*)obj, object_getClassName(obj));
objc_autoreleaseNoPool(obj);
return nil;
}
else if (obj == POOL_BOUNDARY && !DebugPoolAllocation) {
// We are pushing a pool with no pool in place,
// and alloc-per-pool debugging was not requested.
// Install and return the empty pool placeholder.
return setEmptyPoolPlaceholder();
}
// We are pushing an object or a non-placeholder'd pool.
// Install the first page.
AutoreleasePoolPage *page = new AutoreleasePoolPage(nil);
setHotPage(page);
// Push a boundary on behalf of the previously-placeholder'd pool.
if (pushExtraBoundary) {
page->add(POOL_BOUNDARY);
}
// Push the requested object or pool.
return page->add(obj);
}
autoreleaseNoPage()方法中会创建第一个Page。该方法会判断是否有空的自动释放池存在,如果没有会通过setEmptyPoolPlaceholder()生成一个占位符,表示一个空的自动释放池。接着创建第一个Page,设置它为hotPage。最后将一个POOL_BOUNDARY添加进Page中,并返回POOL_BOUNDARY的下一个位置。
注:POOL_BOUNDARY其实就是nil,主要是用来占位的哨兵对象,以及区分不同的自动释放池,以解决自动释放池嵌套的问题,当销毁一个自动释放池时,会调用pop()方法并传入一个POOL_BOUNDARY,会从自动释放池中最后一个对象开始,依次给它们发送release消息,直到遇到这个POOL_BOUNDARY。
pop
static inline void pop(void *token)
{
AutoreleasePoolPage *page;
id *stop;
if (token == (void*)EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER) {
// Popping the top-level placeholder pool.
if (hotPage()) {
// Pool was used. Pop its contents normally.
// Pool pages remain allocated for re-use as usual.
pop(coldPage()->begin());
} else {
// Pool was never used. Clear the placeholder.
setHotPage(nil);
}
return;
}
page = pageForPointer(token);
stop = (id *)token;
if (*stop != POOL_BOUNDARY) {
if (stop == page->begin() && !page->parent) {
// Start of coldest page may correctly not be POOL_BOUNDARY:
// 1. top-level pool is popped, leaving the cold page in place
// 2. an object is autoreleased with no pool
} else {
// Error. For bincompat purposes this is not
// fatal in executables built with old SDKs.
return badPop(token);
}
}
if (PrintPoolHiwat) printHiwat();
page->releaseUntil(stop);
// memory: delete empty children
if (DebugPoolAllocation && page->empty()) {
// special case: delete everything during page-per-pool debugging
AutoreleasePoolPage *parent = page->parent;
page->kill();
setHotPage(parent);
} else if (DebugMissingPools && page->empty() && !page->parent) {
// special case: delete everything for pop(top)
// when debugging missing autorelease pools
page->kill();
setHotPage(nil);
}
else if (page->child) {
// hysteresis: keep one empty child if page is more than half full
if (page->lessThanHalfFull()) {
page->child->kill();
}
else if (page->child->child) {
page->child->child->kill();
}
}
}
pop()方法的传参token即为POOL_BOUNDARY对应在Page中的地址。当销毁自动释放池时,会调用pop()方法将自动释放池中的autorelease对象全部释放(实际上是从自动释放池的中的最后一个入栈的autorelease对象开始,依次给它们发送一条release消息,直到遇到这个POOL_BOUNDARY)。pop()方法的执行过程如下:
- ① 判断
token是不是EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER,是的话就清空这个自动释放池; - ② 如果不是的话,就通过
pageForPointer(token)拿到token所在的Page(自动释放池的首个Page); - ③ 通过
page->releaseUntil(stop)将自动释放池中的autorelease对象全部释放,传参stop即为POOL_BOUNDARY的地址; - ④ 判断当前
Page是否有子Page,有的话就销毁。
pop()方法中释放autorelease对象的过程在releaseUntil()方法中,下面来看一下这个方法的实现:
void releaseUntil(id *stop)
{
// Not recursive: we don't want to blow out the stack
// if a thread accumulates a stupendous amount of garbage
while (this->next != stop) {
// Restart from hotPage() every time, in case -release
// autoreleased more objects
AutoreleasePoolPage *page = hotPage();
// fixme I think this `while` can be `if`, but I can't prove it
while (page->empty()) {
page = page->parent;
setHotPage(page);
}
page->unprotect();
id obj = *--page->next; // next指针是指向最后一个对象的后一个位置,所以需要先减1
memset((void*)page->next, SCRIBBLE, sizeof(*page->next));
page->protect();
if (obj != POOL_BOUNDARY) {
objc_release(obj);
}
}
setHotPage(this);
#if DEBUG
// we expect any children to be completely empty
for (AutoreleasePoolPage *page = child; page; page = page->child) {
assert(page->empty());
}
#endif
}
releaseUntil()方法其实就是通过一个while循环,从最后一个入栈的autorelease对象开始,依次给它们发送一条release消息,直到遇到这个POOL_BOUNDARY。
autorelease
autorelease实现如下:
static inline id autorelease(id obj)
{
assert(obj);
assert(!obj->isTaggedPointer());
id *dest __unused = autoreleaseFast(obj);
assert(!dest || dest == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER || *dest == obj);
return obj;
}
可以看到,调用了autorelease方法的对象,也是通过以上解析的autoreleaseFast()方法添加进Page中。