并发编程-任务调度线程池

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任务调度线程池

在『任务调度线程池』功能加入之前(JDK1.3),可以使用 java.util.Timer 来实现定时功能,Timer 的优点在于简单易用,但 由于所有任务都是由同一个线程来调度,因此所有任务都是串行执行的,同一时间只能有一个任务在执行,前一个 任务的延迟或异常都将会影响到之后的任务。

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Timer timer = new Timer();
    TimerTask task1 = new TimerTask() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            log.debug("task 1");
            sleep(2);
        }
    };
    TimerTask task2 = new TimerTask() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            log.debug("task 2");
        }
    };
    // 使用 timer 添加两个任务,希望它们都在 1s 后执行
    // 但由于 timer 内只有一个线程来顺序执行队列中的任务,因此『任务1』的延时,影响了『任务2』的执行
    timer.schedule(task1, 1000);
    timer.schedule(task2, 1000);
}

输出

20:46:09.444 c.TestTimer [main] - start... 
20:46:10.447 c.TestTimer [Timer-0] - task 1 
20:46:12.448 c.TestTimer [Timer-0] - task 2 

使用 ScheduledExecutorService 改写:

ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
// 添加两个任务,希望它们都在 1s 后执行
executor.schedule(() -> {
    System.out.println("任务1,执行时间:" + new Date());
    try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
}, 1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
executor.schedule(() -> {
    System.out.println("任务2,执行时间:" + new Date());
}, 1000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

输出

任务1,执行时间:Thu Jan 03 12:45:17 CST 2019 
任务2,执行时间:Thu Jan 03 12:45:17 CST 2019 

scheduleAtFixedRate 例子:

ScheduledExecutorService pool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
log.debug("start...");
pool.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
    log.debug("running...");
}, 1, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

输出

21:45:43.167 c.TestTimer [main] - start... 
21:45:44.215 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:45:45.215 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:45:46.215 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:45:47.215 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 

scheduleAtFixedRate 例子(任务执行时间超过了间隔时间):

ScheduledExecutorService pool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
log.debug("start...");
pool.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
    log.debug("running...");
    sleep(2);
}, 1, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

输出分析:一开始,延时 1s,接下来,由于任务执行时间 > 间隔时间,间隔被『撑』到了 2s

21:44:30.311 c.TestTimer [main] - start... 
21:44:31.360 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:44:33.361 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:44:35.362 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:44:37.362 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running...

scheduleWithFixedDelay 例子:

ScheduledExecutorService pool = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
log.debug("start...");
pool.scheduleWithFixedDelay(()-> {
    log.debug("running...");
    sleep(2);
}, 1, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

输出分析:一开始,延时 1s,scheduleWithFixedDelay 的间隔是 上一个任务结束 <-> 延时 <-> 下一个任务开始 所 以间隔都是 3s

21:40:55.078 c.TestTimer [main] - start... 
21:40:56.140 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:40:59.143 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:41:02.145 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 
21:41:05.147 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - running... 

评价 整个线程池表现为:线程数固定,任务数多于线程数时,会放入无界队列排队。任务执行完毕,这些线 程也不会被释放。用来执行延迟或反复执行的任务

正确处理执行任务异常

不论是哪个线程池,在线程执行的任务发生异常后既不会抛出,也不会捕获,这时就需要我们做一定的处理。

方法1:主动捉异常

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
pool.submit(() -> {
    try {
        log.debug("task1");
        int i = 1 / 0;
    } catch (Exception e) {
        log.error("error:", e);
    }
});

输出

21:59:04.558 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - task1 
21:59:04.562 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - error: 
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero 
 at cn.itcast.n8.TestTimer.lambda$main$0(TestTimer.java:28) 
 at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511) 
 at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) 
 at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) 
 at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) 
 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) 

方法2:使用 Future

说明:

  • lambda表达式内要有返回值,编译器才能将其识别为Callable,否则将识别为Runnable,也就不能用FutureTask
  • 方法中如果出异常,futuretask.get会返回这个异常,否者正常返回。
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
Future<Boolean> f = pool.submit(() -> {
    log.debug("task1");
    int i = 1 / 0;
    return true;
});
log.debug("result:{}", f.get());

输出

21:54:58.208 c.TestTimer [pool-1-thread-1] - task1 
Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: 
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero 
 at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122) 
 at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192) 
 at cn.itcast.n8.TestTimer.main(TestTimer.java:31) 
Caused by: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero 
 at cn.itcast.n8.TestTimer.lambda$main$0(TestTimer.java:28) 
 at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) 
 at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) 
 at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) 
 at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) 

应用之定时任务

如何让每周四 18:00:00 定时执行任务?

// 获得当前时间
LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
// 获取本周四 18:00:00.000
LocalDateTime thursday = 
    now.with(DayOfWeek.THURSDAY).withHour(18).withMinute(0).withSecond(0).withNano(0);
// 如果当前时间已经超过 本周四 18:00:00.000, 那么找下周四 18:00:00.000
if(now.compareTo(thursday) >= 0) {
    thursday = thursday.plusWeeks(1);
}
// 计算时间差,即延时执行时间
long initialDelay = Duration.between(now, thursday).toMillis();
// 计算间隔时间,即 1 周的毫秒值
long oneWeek = 7 * 24 * 3600 * 1000;
ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
System.out.println("开始时间:" + new Date());
executor.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
    System.out.println("执行时间:" + new Date());
}, initialDelay, oneWeek, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

Tomcat 线程池

Tomcat 在哪里用到了线程池呢

graph LR

subgraph Connector->NIO EndPoint
t1(LimitLatch)
t2(Acceptor)
t3(SocketChannel 1)
t4(SocketChannel 2)
t5(Poller)
subgraph Executor
t7(worker1)
t8(worker2)
end
t1 --> t2
t2 --> t3
t2 --> t4
t3 --有读--> t5
t4 --有读--> t5
t5 --socketProcessor--> t7
t5 --socketProcessor--> t8
end
  • LimitLatch 用来限流,可以控制最大连接个数,类似 J.U.C 中的 Semaphore 后面再讲

  • Acceptor 只负责【接收新的 socket 连接】

  • Poller 只负责监听 socket channel 是否有【可读的 I/O 事件】

  • 一旦可读,封装一个任务对象(socketProcessor),提交给 Executor 线程池处理

  • Executor 线程池中的工作线程最终负责【处理请求】

Tomcat 线程池扩展了 ThreadPoolExecutor,行为稍有不同

  • 如果总线程数达到 maximumPoolSize
    • 这时不会立刻抛 RejectedExecutionException 异常

    • 而是再次尝试将任务放入队列,如果还失败,才抛出 RejectedExecutionException 异常

源码 tomcat-7.0.42

public void execute(Runnable command, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
    submittedCount.incrementAndGet();
    try {
        super.execute(command);
    } catch (RejectedExecutionException rx) {
        if (super.getQueue() instanceof TaskQueue) {
            final TaskQueue queue = (TaskQueue)super.getQueue();
            try {
                if (!queue.force(command, timeout, unit)) {
                    submittedCount.decrementAndGet();
                    throw new RejectedExecutionException("Queue capacity is full.");
                }
            } catch (InterruptedException x) {
                submittedCount.decrementAndGet();
                Thread.interrupted();
                throw new RejectedExecutionException(x);
            }
        } else {
            submittedCount.decrementAndGet();
            throw rx;
        }
    }
}

TaskQueue.java

public boolean force(Runnable o, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
    if ( parent.isShutdown() ) 
        throw new RejectedExecutionException(
        "Executor not running, can't force a command into the queue"
    );
    return super.offer(o,timeout,unit); //forces the item onto the queue, to be used if the task 
    is rejected
}

Connector 配置

配置项默认值说明
acceptorThreadCount 1acceptor 线程数量
pollerThreadCount1poller 线程数量
minSpareThreads10核心线程数,即 corePoolSize
maxThreads200最大线程数,即 maximumPoolSize
executor-Executor 名称,用来引用下面的 Executor

Executor 线程配置

配置项默认值说明
threadPriority5线程优先级
deamontrue是否守护线程
minSpareThreads25核心线程数,即corePoolSize
maxThreads200最大线程数,即 maximumPoolSize
maxIdleTime60000线程生存时间,单位是毫秒,默认值即 1 分钟
maxQueueSizeInteger.MAX_VALUE队列长度
prestartminSpareThreadsfalse核心线程是否在服务器启动时启动

Fork/Join

概念

Fork/Join 是 JDK 1.7 加入的新的线程池实现,它体现的是一种分治思想,适用于能够进行任务拆分的 cpu 密集型 运算

所谓的任务拆分,是将一个大任务拆分为算法上相同的小任务,直至不能拆分可以直接求解。跟递归相关的一些计 算,如归并排序、斐波那契数列、都可以用分治思想进行求解

Fork/Join 在分治的基础上加入了多线程,可以把每个任务的分解和合并交给不同的线程来完成,进一步提升了运 算效率

Fork/Join 默认会创建与 cpu 核心数大小相同的线程池

应用之求和

提交给 Fork/Join 线程池的任务需要继承 RecursiveTask(有返回值)或 RecursiveAction(没有返回值),例如下 面定义了一个对 1~n 之间的整数求和的任务

@Slf4j(topic = "c.AddTask")
class AddTask1 extends RecursiveTask<Integer> {
    int n;
    public AddTask1(int n) {
        this.n = n;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "{" + n + '}';
    }
    @Override
    protected Integer compute() {
        // 如果 n 已经为 1,可以求得结果了
        if (n == 1) {
            log.debug("join() {}", n);
            return n;
        }

        // 将任务进行拆分(fork)
        AddTask1 t1 = new AddTask1(n - 1);
        t1.fork();
        log.debug("fork() {} + {}", n, t1);

        // 合并(join)结果
        int result = n + t1.join();
        log.debug("join() {} + {} = {}", n, t1, result);
        return result;
    }
}

然后提交给 ForkJoinPool 来执行

public static void main(String[] args) {
    ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool(4);
    System.out.println(pool.invoke(new AddTask1(5)));
}

结果

[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-0] - fork() 2 + {1} 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-1] - fork() 5 + {4} 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-0] - join() 1 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-0] - join() 2 + {1} = 3 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-2] - fork() 4 + {3} 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-3] - fork() 3 + {2} 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-3] - join() 3 + {2} = 6 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-2] - join() 4 + {3} = 10 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-1] - join() 5 + {4} = 15 
15 

改进

class AddTask3 extends RecursiveTask<Integer> {

    int begin;
    int end;
    public AddTask3(int begin, int end) {
        this.begin = begin;
        this.end = end;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "{" + begin + "," + end + '}';
    }
    @Override
    protected Integer compute() {
        // 5, 5
        if (begin == end) {
            log.debug("join() {}", begin);
            return begin;
        }
        // 4, 5
        if (end - begin == 1) {
            log.debug("join() {} + {} = {}", begin, end, end + begin);
            return end + begin;
        }

        // 1 5
        int mid = (end + begin) / 2; // 3
        AddTask3 t1 = new AddTask3(begin, mid); // 1,3
        t1.fork();
        AddTask3 t2 = new AddTask3(mid + 1, end); // 4,5
        t2.fork();
        log.debug("fork() {} + {} = ?", t1, t2);
        int result = t1.join() + t2.join();
        log.debug("join() {} + {} = {}", t1, t2, result);
        return result;
    }
}

然后提交给 ForkJoinPool 来执行

public static void main(String[] args) {
    ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool(4);
    System.out.println(pool.invoke(new AddTask3(1, 10)));
}

结果

[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-0] - join() 1 + 2 = 3 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-3] - join() 4 + 5 = 9 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-0] - join() 3 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-1] - fork() {1,3} + {4,5} = ? 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-2] - fork() {1,2} + {3,3} = ? 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-2] - join() {1,2} + {3,3} = 6 
[ForkJoinPool-1-worker-1] - join() {1,3} + {4,5} = 15 
15