IaC测试工具之Terratest

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一 背景

针对IaC编写的tf/Dockerfile/Kubernetes的 yaml /helm charts文件,传统测试通过执行命令,例如针对hcl语言的init/plan/apply,最后在进行destroy清理,针对单个module测试手动还可以接受,但对与多数模块及需要持续性的测试,需要利用其他工具解决,terratest利用golang的testing模块配合gruntwork-io的terratest对IaC代码进行测试,根据业务特征将其集成在CI/CD流水线中,确保基础代码的可测试性。

二 简介

Terratest 是一个开源的 Go 语言库,可更轻松地为基础设施代码编写自动化测试。它为通用基础设施的测试任务提供了各种帮助函数和模式,其中包括:

  • 测试 Terraform 代码
  • 测试打包器模板
  • 测试 Docker 镜像
  • 通过 SSH 在服务器上执行命令
  • 使用 AWS API
  • 发送 HTTP 请求
  • 运行 shell 命令
  • 使用Kubernetes API
  • 测试helm

三 测试

3.1 前置条件

Terratest使用Go测试框架。要使用Terratest,您需要安装: Go(要求版本>=1.18)

这里有一个简单的例子来说明如何测试一些 Terraform 代码:

3.2 设置项目

开始使用Terratest最简单的方法是从这个repo中复制一个示例及其相应的测试。这个快速入门部分使用了一个Terraform示例,但是请查看示例部分,了解您可以测试的其他类型的基础设施代码(例如,Packer、Kubernetes等)。

  1. 创建一个examples 和 test 目录
  2. clone代码basic terraform example到examples
  3. clone代码 basic terraform example test 到test目录
  4. cd 到test目录执行一下初始化
 cd test
 go mod init terratest
 go mod tidy

完成后目录结构

├── src
│   ├── main.tf
│   ├── outputs.tf
│   ├── varfile.tfvars
│   └── variables.tf
└── test
    ├── go.mod
    └── test.go

接着进行

 cd test
 go test -v -timeout 30m

3.3 对tf文件进行测试

  • tf文件

该代码仅简单输出一个"Hello, World!"字符串

terraform {
  # This module is now only being tested with Terraform 0.13.x. However, to make upgrading easier, we are setting
  # 0.12.26 as the minimum version, as that version added support for required_providers with source URLs, making it
  # forwards compatible with 0.13.x code.
  required_version = ">= 0.12.26"
}

# The simplest possible Terraform module: it just outputs "Hello, World!"
output "hello_world" {
  value = "Hello, World!"
}

传统的利用terraform进行测试需要init/plan/apply,之后进行destroy清理。

利用terratest可省去以上繁琐命令,集成为代码中进行统一测试

  • terraform_hello_world_example_test.go
package test

import (
	"testing"

	"github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/terraform"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)

func TestTerraformHelloWorldExample(t *testing.T) {
	// Construct the terraform options with default retryable errors to handle the most common
	// retryable errors in terraform testing.
	terraformOptions := terraform.WithDefaultRetryableErrors(t, &terraform.Options{
		// Set the path to the Terraform code that will be tested.
		TerraformDir: "../examples/terraform-hello-world-example",
	})

	// Clean up resources with "terraform destroy" at the end of the test.
	defer terraform.Destroy(t, terraformOptions)

	// Run "terraform init" and "terraform apply". Fail the test if there are any errors.
	terraform.InitAndApply(t, terraformOptions)

	// Run `terraform output` to get the values of output variables and check they have the expected values.
	output := terraform.Output(t, terraformOptions, "hello_world")
	assert.Equal(t, "Hello, World!", output)
}

以上代码完成手工执行所有步骤,包括运行terraform init,terraform apply,使用terraform output读取输出变量,检查它的值是我们所期望的,以及运行terraform destroy(使用defer在测试结束时运行它,无论测试成功还是失败)。如果此代码放入名为terraform_hello_world_example_test.go的文件中,您可以通过执行go test来运行它,您将看到如下所示的输出(为了可读性而截断):

$ go test -v -timeout 30m
=== RUN   TestTerraformHelloWorldExample
Running command terraform with args [init]
Initializing provider plugins...
[...]
Terraform has been successfully initialized!
[...]
Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
Outputs:
hello_world = "Hello, World!"
[...]
Running command terraform with args [destroy -force -input=false]
[...]
Destroy complete! Resources: 2 destroyed.
--- PASS: TestTerraformHelloWorldExample (149.36s)

3.4 测试Dockerfile

  • Dockerfile
# Build a simple Docker image that contains a text file with the contents "Hello, World!"
FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN echo 'Hello, World!' > /test.txt

传统测试Dockerfile使用docker build,之后docker run查看是否正常生成了内容为'Hello, World!'的test.txt文件,利用terratest可写成代码。

  • docker_hello_world_example_test.go
package test

import (
	"testing"

	"github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/docker"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)

func TestDockerHelloWorldExample(t *testing.T) {
	// Configure the tag to use on the Docker image.
	tag := "gruntwork/docker-hello-world-example"
	buildOptions := &docker.BuildOptions{
		Tags: []string{tag},
	}

	// Build the Docker image.
	docker.Build(t, "../examples/docker-hello-world-example", buildOptions)

	// Run the Docker image, read the text file from it, and make sure it contains the expected output.
	opts := &docker.RunOptions{Command: []string{"cat", "/test.txt"}}
	output := docker.Run(t, tag, opts)
	assert.Equal(t, "Hello, World!", output)
}

3.5 测试Kubernetes资源清单

  • hello-world-deployment.yml
---
# Deploy the training/webapp Docker Container: https://hub.docker.com/r/training/webapp/
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: hello-world-deployment
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: hello-world
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: hello-world
    spec:
      containers:
        # The container runs a Python webapp on port 5000 that responds with "Hello, World!"
        - name: hello-world
          image: training/webapp:latest
          ports:
            - containerPort: 5000
---
# Expose the Python webapp on port 5000 via a Kubernetes LoadBalancer.
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: hello-world-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: hello-world
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      targetPort: 5000
      port: 5000
  type: LoadBalancer
  • kubernetes_hello_world_example_test.go
//go:build kubeall || kubernetes
// +build kubeall kubernetes

// NOTE: See the notes in the other Kubernetes example tests for why this build tag is included.

package test

import (
	"fmt"
	"testing"
	"time"

	http_helper "github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/http-helper"
	"github.com/gruntwork-io/terratest/modules/k8s"
)

func TestKubernetesHelloWorldExample(t *testing.T) {
	t.Parallel()

	// Path to the Kubernetes resource config we will test.
	kubeResourcePath := "../examples/kubernetes-hello-world-example/hello-world-deployment.yml"

	// Setup the kubectl config and context.
	options := k8s.NewKubectlOptions("", "", "default")

	// At the end of the test, run "kubectl delete" to clean up any resources that were created.
	defer k8s.KubectlDelete(t, options, kubeResourcePath)

	// Run `kubectl apply` to deploy. Fail the test if there are any errors.
	k8s.KubectlApply(t, options, kubeResourcePath)

	// Verify the service is available and get the URL for it.
	k8s.WaitUntilServiceAvailable(t, options, "hello-world-service", 10, 1*time.Second)
	service := k8s.GetService(t, options, "hello-world-service")
	url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s", k8s.GetServiceEndpoint(t, options, service, 5000))

	// Make an HTTP request to the URL and make sure it returns a 200 OK with the body "Hello, World".
	http_helper.HttpGetWithRetry(t, url, nil, 200, "Hello world!", 30, 3*time.Second)
}

四 其他

为了使这种测试更容易,Terratest为常见的基础设施测试任务提供了各种助手函数和模式,例如测试Terraform代码、测试Packer模板、测试Docker映像、通过SSH在服务器上执行命令、发出HTTP请求、使用AWS APIs等等。

注意:在执行go test -timeout 30m,这是因为Go将默认测试时间设置为10分钟,如果你的测试时间超过10分钟,可能导致程序panic,因此可通过外置参数进行自定义时长。

五 总结

terratest利用go语言的testing模块非常方便的为基础代码编写单元测试,确保每次代码改动都获得预先的结果,配合在CI/CD流程中可以帮助更安全更高效的对基础代码进行管控。通过terratest,确保每次对这个Terraform代码进行更改时,测试代码都可以运行,并确保您的最终云基础资源按预期工作。

参考链接

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