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大家好,我是bug郭,一名双非科班的在校大学生。对C/JAVA、数据结构、Spring系列框架、Linux及MySql、算法等领域感兴趣,喜欢将所学知识写成博客记录下来。 希望该文章对你有所帮助！如果有错误请大佬们指正！共同学习交流
作者简介:
- CSDN java领域新星创作者blog.csdn.net/bug..
- 掘金LV3用户 juejin.cn/user/bug..
- 阿里云社区专家博主,星级博主,developer.aliyun.com/bug..
- 华为云云享专家 bbs.huaweicloud.com/bug..
构造HTTP请求方式
我们通过对HTTP请求协议报头格式的学习知道了,我们可以通过3种基本方式去构造HTTP请求!
而请求是在客户端构造的也就是属于前端的工作!
所以这3种构造请求的方式,大部分是通过前端代码来实现的,不过我们也可以通过java代码基于socket来实现!
基于
HTML/JS实现构造!
- 基于
form表单 - 基于
ajax
基于
java代码实现构造!
- 基于
socket
form表单
HTML中的form表单就可以构造HTTP请求!
我们通过下面代码进行学习!
<!--form表单的形式构造http请求-->
<form action="https://www.csdn.net/" method="get"> <!--action 存放需要请求要提交的服务器url,method请求提交的的方法! -->
<input type="text" name="name"> <!--这里通过input标签实现-->
<input type="password" name="password"> <!--这里的name是一个特殊的属性,这是的name保存了键值对中的key,专门用于http构造请求的!-->
<input type="submit"> <!--提交按钮-->
</form>
表单标签- <
form></form> 这个标签允许用户输入一些信息提交到服务器中! 其中里面可以存放用户交互的组件 描述了要把数据按照什么方式, 提交到哪个页面中.
所以我们通过form表单标签就可以编写一个http请求!
<form action="https://www.csdn.net/" method="get">这里通过键值对的形式 keyaction保存的值是我们需要请求服务器的urlmethod保存我们通过那种方法进行请求 这里的方法只能是post和get> 我们知道post请求中要传输的数据保存在body中get方法请求要传输的数据保证在url中的querystring查询字符串中! 这里我们通过get方法进行构造,也就是说等下会通过querystring等方式给服务器传输数据!
inpt标签 我们知道form标签中的组件就可以用于客户端和服务器进行交互! 我们通过input标签!type属性,这个属性的取值代表这个input具有不同含义!type=text这是一个普通文本框!type=password这是一个用于提交密码的文本框(输入内容不可见)type=submit提交表单按钮,我们最终要将我们构造的http请求提交到服务器上!
<input type="text" name="name">
<input type="password" name="password">
这里的name属性保存的就是querystring查询字符串中键值对中的key!
我们在输入框中输入的数据就对应了该
name属性下的value值我们提交后就会在查询字符串中保存!
我们向服务器提交表单后,就构造了一个get方法的http请求!
我们发现我们已经跳转到了CSDN的网站上!
因为我们提交的服务器url就是C站的首页!
我们通过fiddler抓包,看我们构造的请求和服务器给我们返回的响应是怎样的!
请求
GET https://www.csdn.net/?name=bug%E9%83%AD&password=666666 HTTP/1.1
Host: www.csdn.net
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:101.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/101.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br
Connection: keep-alive
Cookie: uuid_tt_dd=10_30601611580-1653459529558-297725; log_Id_pv=846; Hm_lvt_6bcd52f51e9b3dce32bec4a3997715ac=1655356530,1655382747,1655518119,1655547417;
Sec-Fetch-Dest: document
Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate
Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site
Sec-Fetch-User: ?1
可以看到这里的请求和我们预想构造的一样! 响应
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: openresty
Date: Sat, 18 Jun 2022 11:44:14 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=20
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Response-Time: 376
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data-report-view="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-user_follow-1-125288502-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"1","style":"PIC_V2_21","strategy":"user_follow","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/qq_62294245/article/details/125288502","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="blog"><p class="desc">CSDN开发云平台提供更丰富的开源项目及其文档让你快速上手更好、更实用、更优秀的解决方案，依托丰富的基础云服务，助力中小企业、个人开发者和学生群体一键上云</p></a> <div class="operation"><div><div class="operation-b"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023128.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023149.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span class="num">63赞</span></p> <p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023256.png" alt> <img 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data-report-view="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-user_follow-3-125266741-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"3","style":"PIC_V2_23","strategy":"user_follow","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41250372/article/details/125266741","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="blog"><p class="desc">本文主要讲述Docker容器化部署企业级应用，具体包括使用Docker容器实现Nginx部署、Tomcat部署、Tomcat部署、Oracle部署、ElasticSearch+Kibana部署、Redis部署、RabbitMQ部署</p></a> <div class="operation"><div><div class="operation-b"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023128.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023149.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span class="num">28赞</span></p> <p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023256.png" alt> <img 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data-report-view="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-ask-ask_personrec_tag-4-7744635-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"4","style":"TEXT_V2_11","strategy":"ask_personrec_tag","dest":"https://ask.csdn.net/questions/7744635","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="blog"><!----></a> <div class="operation"><div><div class="operation-b"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023128.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023149.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span class="num">0赞</span></p> <p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023256.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023314.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span class="num">踩</span></p></div></div> <div class="operation-c"><a 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data-report-view="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-5-125326766-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"5","style":"PIC_V2_13","strategy":"personrec_tag","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/newlw/article/details/125326766","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="blog"><p class="desc">目录任务描述 21、 必做任务一 22、 必做任务二 33、 必做任务三 34、 选做任务一 3问题建模 41、迷宫 42、Q 表模型 43、监督学习模型 54、Q-learning 学习过程 55、加入时间因子 5算法设计和代码 61、迷宫类 62、Q 表模型类 6UI 设计和使用说明 61、已有迷宫界面 62、用户自定义 7总结 7任务描述1、必做任务一使用强化学习算法，对于给定的迷宫，训练老鼠在迷宫中寻找蛋糕。2、必做任务二自行生成不同迷宫（尺寸、地图），</p></a> <div class="operation"><div><div class="operation-b"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023128.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023149.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span class="num">2赞</span></p> <p 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target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Kenji_Shinji/article/details/125328437" data-report-query="spm=1000.2115.3001.6382&utm_medium=distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-6-125328437-null-null.pc_personrec&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-6-125328437-null-null.pc_personrec" data-report-click="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-6-125328437-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"6","style":"PIC_V2_11","strategy":"personrec_tag","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Kenji_Shinji/article/details/125328437","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="Community-h-tag"><!----><span class="blog-text">浅谈MindSpore的动态Shape</span></a> <div class="Community-item blog"><div class="content"><a target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Kenji_Shinji/article/details/125328437" 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data-report-view="{"mod":"popu_459","extra":"{\"utm_medium\":\"distribute.pc_feed_v2.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-6-125328437-null-null.pc_personrec\",\"dist_request_id\":\"1655552654436_96618\"}","dist_request_id":"1655552654436_96618","ab_strategy":"default","index":"6","style":"PIC_V2_11","strategy":"personrec_tag","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Kenji_Shinji/article/details/125328437","spm":"1000.2115.3001.6382"}" class="blog"><p class="desc">在MindSpore开发过程中，由于动态Shape算子的开发需求，再加上MindSpore的动态Shape也在持续完善，笔者遇到了框架上的一些问题。通过查看源码和相关文档的方式，获得了初步的解决方案和感悟。这篇博客主要是将当时的见闻加以整理，并给出一点点开发建议。此外，当时笔者还做了组内分享，点击“阅读原文”即可获取原文PPT。由于本人刚入职不久，本博客适合于初学者，高手轻喷。1、动态Shape的定义动态Shape，指的是Tensor的Shape依赖于具体的运算，无法提前通过计算得出。具体来说分两种情况：算</p></a> <div class="operation"><div><div class="operation-b"><p class="operation-b-img operation-b-img-active"><img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023128.png" alt> <img src="https://img-home.csdnimg.cn/images/20220117023149.png" alt class="img-hover"> <span 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可以看到这里的响应明明返回的是200 ok但是并没有给我处理这个请求!
基于ajax
ajax是js提供给我们的一种构造http请求的方式!
传统的js下的ajax方式构造方式比较繁琐!
我们就通过引入jQuery(js下的框架类似于java中spring框架)实现对ajax方式请求的构造!
- 引入
jQuery!
jQuery cdn链接
随便找个版本复制下来,这里有两种方式! 1).直接复制到
HTML代码中! 2).打开这个链接,然后复制下来,再创建一个js本地文件,然后在HTML中引入这个链接!
<!--方式一:复制到本地-->
<script src="jQuery.js"></script>
<!--方式二:直接复制-->
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.1.min.js"></script>
- 构造请求
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>ajax方式构造请求</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--复制到本地-->
<!-- <script src="jQuery.js"></script> -->
<!--直接复制-->
<script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.1.min.js"></script>
script
<script>
$.ajax({
type: "get",
url:"https://www.csdn.net/",
success:function(body){
console.log("ajax方式构造请求,成功!"+body);
},
error:function(){
console.log("请求失败");
}
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
$符号在js中可以用于变量名!
在jQuery中的很对函数都是通过这个$对象访问!
$.ajax();函数
这里的
ajax函数需要传入参数是一个对象!
<script>
$.ajax({
type: "get",
url:"https://www.csdn.net/",
success:function(body){
console.log("ajax方式构造请求,成功!"+body);
},
error:function(){
console.log("请求失败");
}
});
</script>
这里的对象的数据也是用键值对的方式保存信息!
type:"post"
采用那种方法构造请求
这里的构造请求的方法不像form表单只能选择post/get这里所有构造请求的方法都可以选择!~
url:"https://www.csdn.next/"
请求访问的服务器url域名!
success:function(body){ console.log("ajax方式构造请求,成功!"+body); }
请求成功,这里采用回调函数的方式,服务器的响应结果信息保存在body中!
所以我们查看body的信息就可以获取到从服务器中收到的消息!
error:function(){ console.log("请求失败"); }
请求失败,这里打印失败结果!
通过上方这些键值对就通过ajax构造好了一个http请求!
我们看一下我们这个请求最终响应结果!
请求失败了,虽然返回的状态码是
200 ok这里存在跨域访问!
我们看到这里报错了!
因为这里我们属于跨站访问了!
什么是跨站访问呢?
我们这里构造请求的
html文件并不在该服务器下! 如果我们的请求网页就在https://www.csdn.net/域名下的服务器,那么就不是跨站(跨域)访问 以后我们把请求写在自己的服务器下就不存在这个问题!
请求:
响应
基于java的方式
这里基于java的方式构造http请求比较繁琐,我们更少使用到!
我们一般通过java中的TCPsocket接口,按照请求报文的格式,构造出一个报文匹配的字符串,然后传入socket发给服务器即可!
但是在实际开发中我们也不会直接就使用socket构造,我们会向ajax一样借助第三方库!
public class HttpClient {
private Socket socket;
private String ip;
private int port;
public HttpClient(String ip, int port) throws IOException {
this.ip = ip;
this.port = port;
socket = new Socket(ip, port);
}
public String get(String url) throws IOException {
StringBuilder request = new StringBuilder();
// 构造首行
request.append("GET " + url + " HTTP/1.1\n");
// 构造 header
request.append("Host: " + ip + ":" + port + "\n");
// 构造 空行
request.append("\n");
// 发送数据
OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
outputStream.write(request.toString().getBytes());
// 读取响应数据
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024 * 1024];
int n = inputStream.read(buffer);
return new String(buffer, 0, n, "utf-8");
}
public String post(String url, String body) throws IOException {
StringBuilder request = new StringBuilder();
// 构造首行
request.append("POST " + url + " HTTP/1.1\n");
// 构造 header
request.append("Host: " + ip + ":" + port + "\n");
request.append("Content-Length: " + body.getBytes().length + "\n");
request.append("Content-Type: text/plain\n");
// 构造 空行
request.append("\n");
// 构造 body
request.append(body);
// 发送数据
OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
outputStream.write(request.toString().getBytes());
// 读取响应数据
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024 * 1024];
int n = inputStream.read(buffer);
return new String(buffer, 0, n, "utf-8");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient("42.192.83.143", 8080);
String getResp = httpClient.get("/AjaxMockServer/info");
System.out.println(getResp);
String postResp = httpClient.post("/AjaxMockServer/info", "this is
body");
System.out.println(postResp);
}
}
可以看到比较繁琐,可以自行参考!
使用Java构造的HTTP客户端不再有 "跨域" 限制了, 此时也可以用来获取其他服务器的数据了.
跨域只是浏览器的行为, 对于 ajax 有效. 对于其他语言来说一般都和跨域无关!
