进阶用法
进制转换
2进制、8进制、10进制、16进制
>>> # format also supports binary numbers
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)
'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010'
>>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42) # 在前面加“#”,则带进制前缀
'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010'
左中右对齐及位数补全
(1)
<
(默认)左对齐、>
右对齐、^
中间对齐、=
(只用于数字)在小数点后进行补齐
(2)取位数 {:4s}
、{:.2f}
等
>>> print('{} and {}'.format('hello','world')) # 默认左对齐
hello and world
>>> print('{:10s} and {:>10s}'.format('hello','world')) # 取 10 位左对齐,取 10 位右对齐
hello and world
>>> print('{:^10s} and {:^10s}'.format('hello','world')) # 取 10 位中间对齐
hello and world
>>> print('{} is {:.2f}'.format(1.123,1.123)) # 取 2 位小数
1.123 is 1.12
>>> print('{0} is {0:>10.2f}'.format(1.123)) # 取 2 位小数,右对齐,取10位
1.123 is 1.12
>>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned') # 左对齐
'left aligned '
>>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned') # 右对齐
' right aligned'
>>> '{:^30}'.format('centered') # 中间对齐
' centered '
>>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # 使用 “*” 填充
'***********centered***********'
>>>'{:0=30}'.format(11) # 还有 “=” 只能应用于数字,这种方法可用“>”代替
'000000000000000000000000000011'
正负符号显示
正负符号显示 %+f
, %-f
, 和 % f
的用法
>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # 总是显示符号
'+3.140000; -3.140000'
>>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # 若是+数,则在前面留空格
' 3.140000; -3.140000'
>>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # -数时显示-,与'{:f}; {:f}'一致
'3.140000; -3.140000'
百分数%
>>> points = 19
>>> total = 22
>>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%}'.format(points/total)
'Correct answers: 86.36%'
时间
>>> import datetime
>>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)
>>> '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format(d)
'2010-07-04 12:15:58'
逗号 "," 分隔金钱,没以前进位
>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)
'1,234,567,890'
占位符嵌套
>>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', 'right']):
... '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)
...
'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'
'^^^^^center^^^^^'
'>>>>>>>>>>>right'
>>>
>>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]
>>> '{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets)
'C0A80001'
>>> int(_, 16) # 官方文档给出来的,无法在 IDLE 复现
3232235521
>>>
>>> width = 5
>>> for num in range(5,12):
... for base in 'dXob':
... print('{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=' ')
... print()
...
5 5 5 101
6 6 6 110
7 7 7 111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
10 A 12 1010
11 B 13 1011
占位符 %s 和 %r
"""
replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"
conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"
这里只有三个转换符号,用 "!" 开头。
"!r" 对应 repr();"!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。
"""
>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2" # 输出结果是一个带引号,一个不带
format 的用法变形
# a.format(b)
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello","world")
'hello world'
# f"xxxx"
# 可在字符串前加 f 以达到格式化的目的,在 {} 里加入对象,此为 format 的另一种形式:
>>> a = "hello"
>>> b = "world"
>>> f"{a} {b}"
'hello world'
name = 'jack'
age = 18
sex = 'man'
job = "IT"
salary = 9999.99
print(f'my name is {name.capitalize()}.')
print(f'I am {age:*^10} years old.')
print(f'I am a {sex}')
print(f'My salary is {salary:10.3f}')
# 结果
my name is Jack.
I am ****18**** years old.
I am a man
My salary is 9999.990