【转载】Python基础 - 格式化输出(% 用法和 format 用法)(下)

102 阅读3分钟

原文:Python基础 - 格式化输出(% 用法和 format 用法)

进阶用法

进制转换

2进制、8进制、10进制、16进制

>>> # format also supports binary numbers
>>> "int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o};  bin: {0:b}".format(42)
'int: 42;  hex: 2a;  oct: 52;  bin: 101010'
>>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:
>>> "int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o};  bin: {0:#b}".format(42)  # 在前面加“#”,则带进制前缀
'int: 42;  hex: 0x2a;  oct: 0o52;  bin: 0b101010'

左中右对齐及位数补全

(1)

  • < (默认)左对齐、
  • > 右对齐、
  • ^ 中间对齐、
  • = (只用于数字)在小数点后进行补齐

(2)取位数 {:4s}{:.2f}

>>> print('{} and {}'.format('hello','world'))  # 默认左对齐
hello and world
>>> print('{:10s} and {:>10s}'.format('hello','world'))  # 取 10 位左对齐,取 10 位右对齐
hello      and      world
>>> print('{:^10s} and {:^10s}'.format('hello','world'))  # 取 10 位中间对齐
  hello    and   world   
>>> print('{} is {:.2f}'.format(1.123,1.123))  # 取 2 位小数
1.123 is 1.12
>>> print('{0} is {0:>10.2f}'.format(1.123))  # 取 2 位小数,右对齐,取10位
1.123 is       1.12

>>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned')  # 左对齐
'left aligned                  '
>>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned')  # 右对齐
'                 right aligned'
>>> '{:^30}'.format('centered')  # 中间对齐
'           centered           '
>>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered')  # 使用 “*” 填充
'***********centered***********'
>>>'{:0=30}'.format(11)  # 还有 “=” 只能应用于数字,这种方法可用“>”代替
'000000000000000000000000000011'

正负符号显示

正负符号显示 %+f, %-f, 和 % f 的用法

>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.14, -3.14)  # 总是显示符号
'+3.140000; -3.140000'
>>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.14, -3.14)  # 若是+数,则在前面留空格
' 3.140000; -3.140000'
>>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.14, -3.14)  # -数时显示-,与'{:f}; {:f}'一致
'3.140000; -3.140000'

百分数%

>>> points = 19
>>> total = 22
>>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%}'.format(points/total)
'Correct answers: 86.36%'

时间

>>> import datetime
>>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)
>>> '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format(d)
'2010-07-04 12:15:58'

逗号 "," 分隔金钱,没以前进位

>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)
'1,234,567,890'

占位符嵌套

>>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', 'right']):
...     '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)
...
'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'
'^^^^^center^^^^^'
'>>>>>>>>>>>right'
>>>
>>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]
>>> '{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets)
'C0A80001'
>>> int(_, 16)  # 官方文档给出来的,无法在 IDLE 复现
3232235521
>>>
>>> width = 5
>>> for num in range(5,12):
...     for base in 'dXob':
...         print('{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=' ')
...     print()
...
    5     5     5   101
    6     6     6   110
    7     7     7   111
    8     8    10  1000
    9     9    11  1001
   10     A    12  1010
   11     B    13  1011

占位符 %s 和 %r

"""
replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"
conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"
这里只有三个转换符号,用 "!" 开头。
"!r" 对应 repr();"!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。
"""

>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"  # 输出结果是一个带引号,一个不带

format 的用法变形

# a.format(b)
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello","world")
'hello world'

# f"xxxx"
# 可在字符串前加 f 以达到格式化的目的,在 {} 里加入对象,此为 format 的另一种形式:

>>> a = "hello"
>>> b = "world"
>>> f"{a} {b}"
'hello world'

name = 'jack'
age = 18
sex = 'man'
job = "IT"
salary = 9999.99

print(f'my name is {name.capitalize()}.')
print(f'I am {age:*^10} years old.')
print(f'I am a {sex}')
print(f'My salary is {salary:10.3f}')

# 结果
my name is Jack.
I am ****18**** years old.
I am a man
My salary is   9999.990

参考 or 转发

官方资料