nmap使用文档（未完待续）

永远十八岁
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nmap使用文档

一、主机发现

1. -sL：列表扫描。

不发送任何报文到目标主机。反向域名解析获取主机名。

示例：

[root@6-118 ~]# nmap --exclude  172.31.6.118 172.31.6.201-205 -sL

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-22 17:44 CST
Nmap scan report for NJAD01.nj.hbgf.net.cn (172.31.6.201)
Nmap scan report for NJAD02.nj.hbgf.net.cn (172.31.6.202)
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.203
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.204
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.205
Nmap done: 5 IP addresses (0 hosts up) scanned in 0.00 seconds

2. -sP：ping扫描。

仅ping扫描，列出做出响应的主机。

常用于和列表扫描相同的目的。

示例：

[root@6-118 ~]# nmap --exclude  172.31.6.118 172.31.6.110-115 -sP

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-22 17:46 CST
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.110
Host is up (0.00027s latency).
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:41:EB (VMware)
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.111
Host is up (0.00028s latency).
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:DC:61 (VMware)
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.112
Host is up (0.00032s latency).
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:7B:3D (VMware)
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.114
Host is up (0.00031s latency).
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:41:EB (VMware)
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.115
Host is up (0.00032s latency).
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:CA:A9 (VMware)
Nmap done: 6 IP addresses (5 hosts up) scanned in 0.35 seconds

3. -P0：无ping

主机发现阶段，对禁ping的服务器会标记为down，后续不会对主机进行进一步扫描。可使用该选项解决该问题。

跳过Nmap发现阶段。在进行高强度扫描时用它确定正在运行的机器。

默认nmap只对正在运行的主机进行高强度探测，如端口扫描、版本探测、操作系统探测。

使用-P0会跳过主机发现阶段，对所有指定地址进行扫描。

如指定了一个192.168.0.0/24地址，会扫描全部255个地址。

示例：

[root@6-118 ~]# nmap --exclude  172.31.6.118 172.31.6.112-114 -P0

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-22 17:51 CST
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.112
Host is up (0.00029s latency).
Not shown: 989 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
179/tcp  open  bgp
443/tcp  open  https
3306/tcp open  mysql
8081/tcp open  blackice-icecap
8181/tcp open  unknown
8443/tcp open  https-alt
9080/tcp open  glrpc
9081/tcp open  unknown
9100/tcp open  jetdirect
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:7B:3D (VMware)

Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.114
Host is up (0.00022s latency).
Not shown: 994 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
21/tcp   open  ftp
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
7001/tcp open  afs3-callback
7002/tcp open  afs3-prserver
7004/tcp open  afs3-kaserver
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:41:EB (VMware)

Nmap done: 3 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 92.20 seconds

三次握手.jpg

4. -PS [portlist] ：TCP SYN ping

portlist可以是一个以逗号为分隔的端口列表，如-PS22, 23, 25, 80

向指定端口发送一个设置了SYN标志位的空TCP报文，通过响应报文来确认主机是否在线。

示例：

[root@6-118 ~]# nmap -PS 172.31.6.112-114

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-22 18:02 CST
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.112
Host is up (0.00029s latency).
Not shown: 989 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
179/tcp  open  bgp
443/tcp  open  https
3306/tcp open  mysql
8081/tcp open  blackice-icecap
8181/tcp open  unknown
8443/tcp open  https-alt
9080/tcp open  glrpc
9081/tcp open  unknown
9100/tcp open  jetdirect
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:7B:3D (VMware)

Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.114
Host is up (0.00024s latency).
Not shown: 994 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
21/tcp   open  ftp
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
7001/tcp open  afs3-callback
7002/tcp open  afs3-prserver
7004/tcp open  afs3-kaserver
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:41:EB (VMware)

Nmap done: 3 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 91.99 seconds

5. -PA [portlist]：TCP ACK ping

portlist可以是一个以逗号为分隔的端口列表，如-PS22, 23, 25, 80

与SYN ping相似，区别是设置TCP的ACK标志位，而不是SYN标志位，默认⽬的端⼝为80

解决防火墙对SYN报文的封锁。但没头没脑的ACK报文通常会被识别成伪造的而丢弃。可既指定-PS又指定-PA既发送SYN又发送ACK。

6. -PU [portlist]：UDP ping

发送一个空的UDP报文到指定端口。

默认发送至31338端口。如果目标机器的端口是关闭的，UDP探测马上会得到一个ICMP端口无法到达的回应报文。

优势：穿越只过滤TCP的防火墙和过滤器。

7. -PR：ARP ping

8. 其它选项

-n：不用域名解析

-R：为所有目标解析域名

--system-dns：使用系统域名解析器

默认nmap直接从主机上配置的域名服务地址来解析域名。为了提高性能，可以通过该选项。

二、端口扫描

1. nmap所识别的6个端口状态

  • open

应用程序正监听在该端口上接收TCP或UDP报文

  • closed

端口开放，但没有应用程序监听在该端口上。

  • filtered(被过滤的)

由于包过滤阻止探测报文到达端口，nmap无法确定该端口是否开放。

  • unfiltered(未被过滤的)

端口可访问，但nmap不能确定它是开放还是关闭。

只有用于映射防火墙规则集的ACK扫描才会把端口分类到这种状态。

  • open|filtered(开放或被过滤的)

无法确定端口是开放还是被过滤的。

UDP, IP协议, fin, null 和xmas扫描可能把端口归入此类。

  • closed|filtered(关闭或被过滤的)

nmap不能确定端口是关闭还是被过滤的。它只可能出现在IPID idle扫描中。

2. -sS(TCP SYN扫描)

执行速度快。每秒可以扫描数千个端口（没有入侵检测防火墙的快速网络上）

从不完成TCP连接

可以明确区分open, closed, filtered状态。

半开放扫描，不打开一个完全的TCP连接。

发送一个SYN报文，模拟打开连接的情况。

SYN/ACK表示端⼝在监听 (开放)，RST (复位)表示没有监听者。

重发数次后没响应，端口被标记为被过滤。

收到ICMP不可达错误（类型3，代码1，2，3，9，10或13）端口被标记为被过滤。

[root@6-118 ~]# nmap -sS 172.31.6.111-114

Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-22 21:54 CST
# 按回车显示进度信息
Stats: 0:00:03 elapsed; 1 hosts completed (3 up), 3 undergoing SYN Stealth Scan
SYN Stealth Scan Timing: About 12.08% done; ETC: 21:57 (0:00:29 remaining)

# 扫描报告
Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.111
Host is up (0.00034s latency).
Not shown: 997 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
3306/tcp open  mysql
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:DC:61 (VMware)

Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.112
Host is up (0.00033s latency).
Not shown: 989 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
179/tcp  open  bgp
443/tcp  open  https
3306/tcp open  mysql
8081/tcp open  blackice-icecap
8181/tcp open  unknown
8443/tcp open  https-alt
9080/tcp open  glrpc
9081/tcp open  unknown
9100/tcp open  jetdirect
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:7B:3D (VMware)

Nmap scan report for 172.31.6.114
Host is up (0.00032s latency).
Not shown: 994 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
21/tcp   open  ftp
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
7001/tcp open  afs3-callback
7002/tcp open  afs3-prserver
7004/tcp open  afs3-kaserver
MAC Address: 00:50:56:97:41:EB (VMware)

Nmap done: 4 IP addresses (3 hosts up) scanned in 112.00 seconds

3. -sT（TCP connect()扫描）

SYNC扫描不能用时，CP Connect()扫描就是默认的TCP扫描。用户没有权限发送原始报文或扫描IPV6网络时，就是这种情况。

通过创建connect()系统调用与目标主机建立连接，而不是读取响应的原始报文。

Nmap 7.92SVN ( https://nmap.org )
Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}
TARGET SPECIFICATION:
  Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.
  Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254
  -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks 从文件获取主机、网络列表
  -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets	随机选择目标进行扫描
  --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks	不包括哪些地址
  --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file		从列表获取不扫描哪些地址
HOST DISCOVERY:主机发现
  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan	列表扫描
  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan	不进行端口扫描
  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery	
  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports
  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes
  -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping
  -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]
  --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers
  --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver
  --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host
SCAN TECHNIQUES:扫描技术
  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans
  -sU: UDP Scan
  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans
  --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags
  -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan
  -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans
  -sO: IP protocol scan
  -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan
PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:端口规格和扫描顺序
  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports
    Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9
  --exclude-ports <port ranges>: Exclude the specified ports from scanning
  -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan
  -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize
  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports
  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>
SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:服务/版本发现
  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info
  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)
  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)
  --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)
  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)
SCRIPT SCAN:
  -sC: equivalent to --script=default
  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of
           directories, script-files or script-categories
  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts
  --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file
  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received
  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.
  --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts.
           <Lua scripts> is a comma-separated list of script-files or
           script-categories.
OS DETECTION:
  -O: Enable OS detection
  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets
  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively
TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:时间和性能
  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),
  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).
  -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)
  --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes
  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization
  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies
      probe round trip time.
  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.
  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long
  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes
  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second
  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second
FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:防火墙/ ids规避和欺骗:
  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)
  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys
  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address
  -e <iface>: Use specified interface
  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number
  --proxies <url1,[url2],...>: Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies
  --data <hex string>: Append a custom payload to sent packets
  --data-string <string>: Append a custom ASCII string to sent packets
  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets
  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options
  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field
  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address
  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum
OUTPUT:输出
  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,
     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.
  -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once
  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)
  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)
  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state
  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports
  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received
  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)
  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files
  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan
  --noninteractive: Disable runtime interactions via keyboard
  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML
  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML
  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output
MISC:其它
  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning
  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute
  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location
  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets
  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged
  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges
  -V: Print version number
  -h: Print this help summary page.
EXAMPLES:
  nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org
  nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8
  nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80
SEE THE MAN PAGE (https://nmap.org/book/man.html) FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES
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