drf-限流组件的使用与源码分析
频率限制在认证、权限之后
本质:将存储当前客户访问的时间戳到一个列表中,通过列表的长度和对列表的首个元素对比来进行频率的限制
- 匿名用户,用IP作为用户唯一标记,但如果用户换代理IP,无法做到真正的限制。
- 登录用户,用用户名或用户ID做标识。
限制:60s能访问3次
来访问时:
1.获取当前时间 100121280
2.100121280-60 = 100121220,小于100121220所有记录删除
3.判断1分钟以内已经访问多少次了? 4
4.无法访问
停一会
来访问时:
1.获取当前时间 100121340
2.100121340-60 = 100121280,小于100121280所有记录删除
3.判断1分钟以内已经访问多少次了? 0
4.可以访问
使用方式
依赖缓存,所以得先配置好redis
缓存={
用户标识:[12:33,12:32,12:31,12:30,12,] 1小时/5次 12:34 11:34
}
pip3 install django-redis
# settings.py
CACHES = {
"default": {
"BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
"LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379",
"OPTIONS": {
"CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
"PASSWORD": "qwe123",
}
}
}
使用自定义的限流类
自定义限流类
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
from django.core.cache import cache as default_cache
class MyRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
cache = default_cache # 访问记录存放在django的缓存中(需设置缓存)
scope = "user" # 构造缓存中的key
cache_format = 'throttle_%(scope)s_%(ident)s'
# 设置访问频率,例如:1分钟允许访问10次
# 其他:'s', 'sec', 'm', 'min', 'h', 'hour', 'd', 'day'
THROTTLE_RATES = {"user": "10/m"}
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
if request.user:
ident = request.user.pk # 用户ID
else:
ident = self.get_ident(request) # 获取请求用户IP(去request中找请求头)
# throttle_user_11.11.11.11
return self.cache_format % {'scope': self.scope, 'ident': ident}
视图类
class LoginView(APIView):
authentication_classes = [] # 设置要应用的认真类
permission_classes = []
throttle_classes = [MyRateThrottle, ]
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
username = request.data.get('username')
password = request.data.get('password')
user_object = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=username, password=password)
if not user_object:
return Response({'status': False, 'msg': '登录失败'})
token = str(uuid.uuid4())
user_object.update(token=token)
return Response({'status': True, 'data': token})
settings设置全局限流次数
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ["ext.throttle.MyRateThrottle"],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
"user": '3/m'
}
}
使用官方自带的限流类
在要使用频率限制的CBV里添上throttle_classes = [AnonRateThrottle,]
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.throttling import AnonRateThrottle
class ArticleView(APIView):
# 频率限制
throttle_classes = [AnonRateThrottle,]
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return Response('ArticleView')
频率限制setting配置
这样是限制每分钟3次
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ["rest_framework.throttling.AnonRateThrottle"],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES":{
"anon":'3/m'
}
}
源码简略分析
源码逐步分析
第一步:限流类对象的加载
①、请求进来是执行CBV的dispatch方法,这次依旧只需要关注initial方法
②、进入initial方法,倒数第一行的限流组件,check_throttles
③、进入check_throttles方法,重点要了解self.get_throttles这个方法
def check_throttles(self, request):
throttle_durations = []
for throttle in self.get_throttles():
if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):
throttle_durations.append(throttle.wait())
if throttle_durations:
durations = [
duration for duration in throttle_durations
if duration is not None
]
duration = max(durations, default=None)
self.throttled(request, duration)
④、进入self.get_throttles,与认证、权限组件类似,就是获取限流类的实例化对象列表
def get_throttles(self):
return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes]
⑤、实例化对象就会执行__init__方法,自定义的类中没有,就会找到SimpleRateThrottle这个类的__init__方法
def __init__(self):
if not getattr(self, 'rate', None):
self.rate = self.get_rate()
self.num_requests, self.duration = self.parse_rate(self.rate)
最开始没有rate,所以一定为空,实例化就一定去调用self.get_rate()方法去给rate进行赋值
⑥、进到self.get_rate()方法,可以看到
def get_rate(self):
if not getattr(self, 'scope', None):
msg = ("You must set either `.scope` or `.rate` for '%s' throttle" %
self.__class__.__name__)
raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)
try:
return self.THROTTLE_RATES[self.scope]
except KeyError:
msg = "No default throttle rate set for '%s' scope" % self.scope
raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)
⑦、在进入到self.parse_rate
可以看出将传入的rate进行字符串切割,前面的值转换成int类型, 后面的根据首字母转换成对应的秒数,即多少秒内访问多少次
def parse_rate(self, rate):
if rate is None:
return (None, None)
num, period = rate.split('/')
num_requests = int(num)
duration = {'s': 1, 'm': 60, 'h': 3600, 'd': 86400}[period[0]]
return (num_requests, duration)
总结:初始化对象时会获取THROTTLE_RATES的值(限制的配置)来获取到 访问次数+时间间隔 (num_requests, duration)
第二步:allow_request是否限流
①回到上一步的③中的check_throttles方法,分析throttle.allow_request(request, self):,因为一般的自定义限流类或者用官方自带的限流类都是继承SimpleRateThrottle这个类,所以直接分析这个类中的allow_request方法
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
def allow_request(self, request, view):
if self.rate is None:
return True
self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view)
if self.key is None:
return True
self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, [])
self.now = self.timer()
while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration:
self.history.pop()
if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests:
return self.throttle_failure()
return self.throttle_success()
def throttle_success(self):
self.history.insert(0, self.now)
self.cache.set(self.key, self.history, self.duration)
return True
def throttle_failure(self):
return False
②、再次回到check_throttles方法,此时可以根据allow_request返回的值来进行是否允许进去视图函数还是直接报错
③、其中的wait()函数源码是这样通过计算到剩余的时间的
def wait(self):
if self.history:
# 这里就直接能计算出等待的时间
remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1])
else:
remaining_duration = self.duration
# 在调用的时候一般这个值就为1,所以返回的值就是等待时间/1就是等待时间
available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1
if available_requests <= 0:
return None
return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)
④、这个错误提示事调用了一个exceptions.Throttled(wait),所以我们也可以通过重写这个throttled方法来定制错误的信息
def throttled(self, request, wait):
raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)
根据源码来自定义错误信息
本质重写throttled方法以及Throttled类
完整代码:
from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
from django.core.cache import cache as default_cache
class ThrottledException(exceptions.APIException):
status_code = status.HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS
default_code = 'throttled'
class MyRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = "user"
THROTTLE_RATES = {"user": "10/m"}
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
if request.user:
ident = request.user.pk
else:
ident = self.get_ident(request)
return self.cache_format % {'scope': self.scope, 'ident': ident}
def throttle_failure(self):
wait = self.wait()
detail = {
"code": 1005,
"data": "访问频率限制",
'detail': "需等待{}s才能访问".format(int(wait))
}
raise ThrottledException(detail)
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