课程目标
- promise 规范
- promise 实现
- promise 使用
PromiseA+规范
术语
- promise 是一个有then方法的对象或函数,行为遵循本鬼发
- thenable 是一个有then方法的对象或函数
- value 是promise状态成功时的值,也是resolve的参数;resolve参数包括各种数据类型:undefined、thenable、promise
- reason 是promise状态失败时的值,也是reject的参数,表示拒绝(失败)的原因
- exception 是一个使用throw抛出的异常值
规范
Promise States(Promise 状态)
-
pending
- 初始的状态,可以改变
- 一个promise resolve/reject前,都处于这个状态‘
- 可以通过resolve 变成 【fulfilled】状态
- 可以通过reject 变成 【rejected】状态
-
fulfilled
- 最终状态,不可改变
- 一个promise 被resolve后,变成此状态
- 必须拥有一个value值
-
rejected
- 最终状态,不可改变
- 一个promise 被reject后,变成此状态
- 必须拥有一个reason值
pending → resolve(value) → fulfilled
pending → reject(reason) → rejected
then
Promise 应当提供一个then方法,用于访问最终的结果,无论是value还是reason
promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)
-
参数要求
- onFulfilled 必须是函数类型,如果不是,应当被忽略
- onRejected 必须是函数类型,如果不是,应当被忽略
-
onFulfilled 特性
- promise状态变成fulfilled时,应调用onFulfilled,参数为value
- promise变成fulfilled状态前,不应该被调用
- 只能调用一次(实现时,应当限制执行次数)
-
onRejected 特性
- promise状态变成rejected时,应调用onRejected,参数为reason
- promise变成rejected状态前,不应该被调用
- 只能调用一次(实现时,应当限制执行次数)
-
onFulfilled 和 onRejected 应是微任务
使用queueMicrotask实现微任务调用
-
then方法可以被调用多次
- promise 变成 fulfilled状态后,所有onFulfilled 回调都需要按照then的顺序执行,即按照then的注册顺序执行(实现时,需要一个数组,存放onFulfilled回调)
- promise 变成 rejected状态后,所有onFulfilled 回调都需要按照then的顺序执行,即按照then的注册顺序执行(实现时,需要一个数组,存放onRejected回调)
-
返回值
then 应该返回一个promise
promise2 = promise1.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
- onFulfilled 或 onRejected执行的结果为 x,调用resolvePromise
- 若 onFulfilled 或 onRejected执行时,抛出异常e,promise2需要被reject
- 若 onFulfilled 不是一个函数,promise2以promise1的value触发fulfilled
- 若 onRejected 不是一个函数,promise2以promise1的reason触发rejected
- resolvePromise
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
-
若 promise2 与 x 相等,
reject TypeError -
若 x 是一个promise
- 若 x 是 pending 状态,那么promise必须要继续pending,直到x变成fulfilled 或rejected
- 若 x 是 fulfilled 状态,resolve promise with the same value
- 若 x 是 rejected 状态,reject promise with the same reason
c. 若 x 是一个objet 或function
let then = x.then;
// 若这一步出错,reject promise with e as the reason
// 若then是一个函数
then.call(x, resolvePromiseFn, rejectPromise);
// resolvePromiseFn 的入参是 y,执行 resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
// rejectPromise 的入参是 r ,reject promise with r
// 若 resolvePromise 和 rejectPromise 都调用了,第一个调用优先,后面的调用忽略
// 若调用then抛出异常e
// 若 resolvePromise 或 rejectPromise 已经被调用,忽略
// 则 reject promise with e as the reason
// 若then不是一个function,fulfill promise with x
Promise 实现
- class
class MPromise{
constructor(){
}
}
- 定义三种状态
const PENDING = 'pending';
const FULFILLED = 'fulfilled';
const REJECTED = 'rejected';
- 设置初始状态
class MPromise {
constructor() {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
}
}
-
resolve 和 reject 方法
- 将状态从
pending变为fulfilled或rejected,且状态不可逆 - 入参分别是
value和reason
- 将状态从
class MPromise {
constructor() {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
}
resolve(value) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.value = value;
this.status = FULFILLED;
}
}
reject(reason) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.reason = reason;
this.status = REJECTED;
}
}
}
-
根据规范,promise 接收一个参数
- 入参是一个函数,函数接收
resolve和reject两个参数 - 初始化时,promise立即执行这个函数,若有任何错误,立即抛出
- 入参是一个函数,函数接收
class MPromise {
constructor(fn) {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
try {
fn(this.resolve.bind(this), this.reject.bind(this))
} catch (e) {
this.reject(e);
}
}
// resolve方法
resolve(value) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.value = value;
this.status = FULFILLED;
}
}
// reject方法
reject(reason) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.reason = reason;
this.status = REJECTED;
}
}
}
-
then方法- then 接收两个参数,
onFulfilled和onRejected,两个参数均应是函数类型,若不是,应当被忽略
- then 接收两个参数,
then(onFulfilled, onRejected){
}
- 检查参数是否为函数
isFunction(param) {
return typeof param === 'function';
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// 若是function,返回onFulfilled,否则返回value
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : value => value;
// 若是function,返回onRejected,否则返回reason
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : reason => reason;
}
- 根据规范,then方法返回的是一个promise
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// 若是function,返回onFulfilled,否则返回value
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : value => value;
// 若是function,返回onRejected,否则返回reason
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : reason => reason;
const promise2 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {});
return promise2;
}
- 根据当前promise的状态,调用相应的函数
const promise2 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
realOnFulfilled();
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
realOnRejected();
break;
}
}
});
return promise2;
-
由于promise的状态有可能并非在一瞬间就变为
fulfilled或rejected,可能仍为pending状态。因此需要监听promise的状态,当状态变为fulfilled或rejected时,才能够执行callback。- 获取所有
callback,新建两个数组,分别存放成功和失败的回调;调用then方法时,若仍是pending状态,将callback存入数组中。
- 获取所有
class MPromise {
FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST = [];
REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST = [];
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// 若是function,返回onFulfilled,否则返回value
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : value => value;
// 若是function,返回onRejected,否则返回reason
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : reason => reason;
const promise2 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
realOnFulfilled();
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
realOnRejected();
break;
}
case PENDING: {
this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnFulfilled);
this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnRejected);
break;
}
}
});
return promise2;
}
b. 监听status发生变化时,执行相应的所有回调。
_status = PENDING;
get status() {
return this._status;
}
set status(newStatus) {
// 必须定义一个临时的`_status`,否则陷入循环
this._status = newStatus;
switch (newStatus) {
case FULFILLED: {
// 遍历执行回调
this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.forEach(callback => {
callback(this.value);
})
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.forEach(callback => {
callback(this.reason);
})
break;
}
}
}
-
then的返回值
- 若
onFulfilled或onRejected抛出一个异常e,promise2 必须拒绝执行,并返回拒绝原因e。
- 若
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// 若是function,返回onFulfilled,否则返回value
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : value => value;
// 若是function,返回onRejected,否则返回reason
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : reason => reason;
const promise2 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const fulfilledMicrotask = () => {
try {
realOnFulfilled(this.value);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}
const rejectedMicrotask = () => {
try {
realOnRejected(this.reason);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
realOnFulfilled();
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
realOnRejected();
break;
}
case PENDING: {
this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnFulfilled);
this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnRejected);
break;
}
}
});
return promise2;
}
b. 若onFulfilled 不是function,且promise1执行成功,promise2必须执行成功并返回相同的值。
c. 若onRejected 不是function,且promise2拒绝执行,promise2必须拒绝执行并返回相同的拒因。
// 若是function,返回onFulfilled,否则返回value
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : value => value;
// 若是function,返回onRejected,否则返回reason
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : reason => reason;
d. 若onFulfilled 或 onRejected 返回一个值x,运行 resolvePromise 方法
- resolvePromise
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
// 如果 newPromise 和 x 指向同一对象,以 TypeError 为据因拒绝执行 newPromise
// 这是为了防止死循环
if (promise2 === x) {
return reject(new TypeError('The promise and the return value are the same'));
}
if (x instanceof MPromise) {
// 如果 x 为 Promise ,则使 newPromise 接受 x 的状态
// 也就是继续执行x,如果执行的时候拿到一个y,还要继续解析y
queueMicrotask(() => {
x.then((y) => {
this.resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
}, reject);
})
} else if (typeof x === 'object' || this.isFunction(x)) {
// 如果 x 为对象或者函数
if (x === null) {
// null也会被判断为对象
return resolve(x);
}
let then = null;
try {
// 把 x.then 赋值给 then
// 这种首先保存 x.then 的引用,然后测试此引用,再调用此引用的处理,避免了对 x.then 属性的多次访问。这种预防措施在面对一些特殊访问器时十分重要,因为有的访问器每次访问都会导致其值的改变。
then = x.then;
} catch (error) {
// 如果取 x.then 的值时抛出错误 e ,则以 e 为据因拒绝 promise
return reject(error);
}
// 如果 then 是函数
if (this.isFunction(then)) {
let called = false;
// 将 x 作为函数的作用域 this 调用
// 传递两个回调函数作为参数,第一个参数叫做 resolvePromise ,第二个参数叫做 rejectPromise
try {
then.call(
x,
// 如果 resolvePromise 以值 y 为参数被调用,则运行 resolvePromise
(y) => {
// 需要有一个变量called来保证只调用一次.
if (called) return;
called = true;
this.resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
},
// 如果 rejectPromise 以据因 r 为参数被调用,则以据因 r 拒绝 promise
(r) => {
if (called) return;
called = true;
reject(r);
});
} catch (error) {
// 如果调用 then 方法抛出了异常 e:
if (called) return;
// 否则以 e 为据因拒绝 promise
reject(error);
}
} else {
// 如果 then 不是函数,以 x 为参数执行 promise
resolve(x);
}
} else {
// 如果 x 不为对象或者函数,以 x 为参数执行 promise
resolve(x);
}
}
- onFulfilled 和 onRejected 是微任务,可以使用
queueMicrotask包裹执行函数
const fulfilledMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
// realOnFulfilled(this.value);
const x = realOnFulfilled(this.value);
this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
})
}
const rejectedMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
// realOnRejected(this.reason);
const x = realOnRejected(this.reason);
this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
})
}
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
fulfilledMicrotask();
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
rejectedMicrotask();
break;
}
case PENDING: {
this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(fulfilledMicrotask);
this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(rejectedMicrotask);
break;
}
}
- 浅测试一下
const test = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
// console.log(1234)
resolve(111);
}, 1000);
}).then(console.log);
console.log(test);
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(test);
}, 2000);
- catch 方法
catch(onRejected){
return this.then(null, onRejected);
}
- 再浅测试一下
const test = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
// console.log(1234)
// resolve(111);
reject("reject一下")
}, 1000);
}).catch(console.log);
console.log(test);
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(test);
}, 2000);
- promise.resolve
将现有的对象转为Promise对象,若Promise.resolve 方法的参数,不是具有then方法的对象(thenable)对象,则返回一个新的Promise对象,且状态为 fulfilled
// promise.resolve
static resolve(value) {
if (value instanceof MPromise) {
return value;
}
return new MPromise((resolve) => {
resolve(value);
})
}
- promise.reject
返回一个新的Promise实例,实例的状态为rejected。
// promise.reject
static reject(reason) {
return new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
reject(reason);
})
}
- promise.race
const p = Promise.race([p1, p2, p3]);
将多个Promise实例,封装成一个新的Promise实例
若p1, p2, p3中任意一个实例率先改变状态,p的状态也随之变化;率先改变状态的promise实例的返回值,传递给p的回调函数。
// promise.race
static race(promiseList) {
return new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const length = promiseList.length;
if (length === 0) {
return resolve();
} else {
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
MPromise.resolve(promiseList[i]).then((value) => {
return resolve(value);
}, (reason) => {
return reject(reason);
})
}
}
})
}
- 浅测一下
const t1 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(111);
}, 1000);
})
const t2 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(222);
}, 500);
})
const t3 = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(333);
}, 3000);
})
MPromise.race([t1, t2, t3]).then(console.log);
几个小问题
- 以下代码为何最后value值是
undefined
const test = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(111);
}, 1000);
}).then((value) => {
console.log('then');
});
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(test);
}, 3000)
答:这种写法相当于
then(value)=>{
return undefined;
//return value;
}
若显式return一个值,则不是undefined
- .then 返回的是一个新的Promise,那么原来的Promise实现的时候,有数组来存储回调函数,有何意义?
答:若使用链式回调,确实没有意义,因为每次回调函数的LIST都是空的数组;若是多次调用then,Promise实例是同一个,就有意义了。
const test = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(111);
}, 1000);
})
test.then(() => {});
test.then(() => {});
test.then(() => {});
test.then(() => {});
- 以下代码中,为何在catch的回调中,打印promise,状态是
pending
const test = new MPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
reject(111);
}, 1000);
}).catch((reason) => {
console.log('报错' + reason);
console.log(test)
});
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(test);
}, 3000)
答:
- catch函数会返回一个新的Promise
- catch回调中,打印时,整个回调并未执行完成,因此此时状态是
pending - catch的回调函数,如果执行完成了,会改变这个新的Promise的状态为
fulfilled
为什么会有微任务
典型的异步
最早的解决办法 callback
回调地狱
规范
为什么要用数组
- then可以多次调用
- 遇到 setTimeout 等,没有立即改变状态