SQL查询语句

王立志_LEO
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1. 什么是聚合函数

对一组值进行计算，并返回计算后的值，一般用来统计数据

1.1 SUM

累加所有行的值

计算ID=1的学生的的总分
select SUM(grade)  as '总分' from score where student_id = 1;

1.2 AVG

计算所有行的平均值

计算ID=1的学生的的平均分
select AVG(grade) as '平均分' from score where student_id = 1;

1.3 MAX、MIN

  • 计算所有行的最大值和最小值
select MAX(grade) 最高分,MIN(grade) 最低分 from score where student_id = 1;

1.4 AVG

  • 计算所有行的平均值
select AVG(grade) as '平均分' 最低分 from score where student_id = 1;

1.5 COUNT

  • 计算值不为NULL的行
select COUNT(*) from student;
select COUNT(1) from student;
select COUNT(name) from student;
select COUNT(NULL) from student;

2. 分组

分组查询就是按某列的值进行分组，相同的值分成一组，然后可以对此组内进行求平均、求和等计算

splitgroup

2.1 语法

SELECT 列名,查询表达式
FROM  <表名>  
WHERE  <条件>
GROUP BY <分组字段>
HAVING 分组后的过滤条件
ORDER BY 列名 [ASC,DESC]
LIMIT 偏移量,条数

SELECT列表中只能包含：

  • 被分组的列
  • 为每个分组返回一个值的表达式，如聚合函数

2.2 练习

  • 统计每位同学的平均成绩-单列分组

    select student_id,avg(grade) from score group by student_id;

  • 统计每门课程的最高分，并按分数从高到低排列

    select course_id,max(grade) 平均分 from score group by course_id order by max(grade) desc

  • 统计各省的男女同学人数-多列分组

    select province,gender,COUNT(*) from student group by province,gender

2.3 分组筛选

2.3.1 语法

SELECT  FROM  <表名>
WHERE 
GROUP BY {col_name|expr|position}
HAVING  {col_name|expr|position}
ORDER BY {col_name|expr|position} [ASC|DESC]
LIMIT offset,row_count
  1. WHERE用于过滤掉不符合条件的记录
  2. HAVING 用于过滤分组后的记录
  3. GROUP BY用于对筛选后的结果进行分组

2.3.2 练习

  • 统计学生人数超过1人的省份

    select province,COUNT(*) from student group by province having COUNT(*)>1

  • 不及格次数大于1次的学生

    select student_id,COUNT(*) 不及格次数 from score where grade <60 group by student_id having COUNT(*)>1

3. 子查询

  • 子查询就是指出现在其它SQL语句中的SELECT语句,必须始终出现在圆括号中
  • 子查询可以包含多个关键字或条件
  • 子查询的外层查询可以是: SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、SET等
  • 子查询可以返回常量、一行数据、一列数据或其它子查询

3.1 比较运算符的子查询

  • = 等于
  • > 大于
  • < 小于
  • >= 大于等于
  • <= 小于等于
  • <> 不等于
  • != 不等于
  • <=> 安全不等于

3.2 查询年龄大于平均年龄的学生

SELECT ROUND(AVG(age),2) FROM student; 

SELECT * from student WHERE age > (SELECT ROUND(AVG(age),2) FROM student)

3.2 ANY SOME ALL

  • = < <= = <> !=

  • ANY 任何一个
  • SOME 某些
  • ALL 全部
年龄大于陕西省任何一位同学
SELECT * from student WHERE age > ANY (SELECT age  FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');
年龄大于陕西省某些同学
SELECT * from student WHERE age > SOME (SELECT age  FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');
年龄大于陕西省所有同学
SELECT * from student WHERE age > ALL (SELECT age  FROM student WHERE province = '陕西省');

3.3 查询一下有考试成绩的学生信息

  • [IN]
  • [NOT IN]
SELECT * FROM student where id in (SELECT distinct student_id from score);

  • [EXISTS]

  • [NOTEXISTS]

    SELECT * FROM student where EXISTS (SELECT distinct student_id from score where student.id = score.student_id  )

4. 表连接

4.1　连接类型

  • INNER JOIN 内连接
  • LEFT JOIN 左外连接
  • RIGHT JOIN 右外连接
  • ON 连接条件

tablejoin

4.2　连接条件

使用ON关键字来设定连接条件，也可以使用WHERE来代替

  • ON来设定连接条件
  • 也可以使用WHERE来对结果进行过滤

4.3　内连接

显示左表和右表中符合条件的

SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;

4.4　左外连接

显示左表的全部和右表符合条件的

SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;

4.5　右外连接

显示右表的全部和左表符合条件的

SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN score ON student.id = score.student_id;

4.6　多表连接

SELECT student.name,course.name,score.grade FROM score 
INNER JOIN student ON student.id = score.student_id
INNER JOIN course ON course.id = score.course_id;

4.7　无限分类[自身连接]

4.7.1 建表

CREATE table category(
 id int(11) PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
 name varchar(50),
 parent_id int(11)
)

4.7.2 插入语句

INSERT INTO category(id,name,parent_id)
VALUES (1,'数码产品',0),(2,'服装',0),(3,'食品',0),
(4,'iPad',1),(5,'李宁',2),(6,'康师傅',3);

4.7.3 查询所有的顶级分类下面分类的数量

SELECT c1.id,c1.name,COUNT(1) 
FROM category c1 INNER JOIN category c2 ON c1.id = c2.parent_id
WHERE c1.parent_id = 0
GROUP BY c1.id;

4.7.4 父类变成名称

SELECT c1.id,c1.name,p.name
FROM category c1 LEFT JOIN category p ON c1.parent_id = p.id

4.8 删除重复记录[多表删除]

INSERT INTO category(id,name,parent_id)
VALUES
(7,'iPad',1),
(8,'李宁',2),
(9,'康师傅',3);

4.8.1 子查询找要删除的ID

SELECT * FROM category c1 LEFT JOIN 
(SELECT id,name from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1) c2
ON c1.name = c2.name WHERE c1.id != c2.id

4.8.2 通过IN找要删除的ID

SELECT * FROM category c1 
WHERE c1.name IN 
(SELECT name from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1)
AND c1.id NOT IN 
(SELECT MIN(id) from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1)

4.8.3 删除重复记录

DELETE FROM category
WHERE name IN 
(SELECT NAME FROM ( SELECT name from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1) AS T1 )
AND id NOT IN 
(SELECT id FROM (SELECT MIN(id) id from category GROUP BY name HAVING COUNT(1)>1) AS T2)

4.9 多表更新

4.9.1 (插入省份)INSERT SELECT

CREATE TABLE province(id int PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,name varchar(50))
INSERT INTO province(name) SELECT DISTINCT province FROM student;

4.9.2　更新省份

UPDATE student INNER JOIN province ON student.province=province.name
 SET student.province=province.id

4.9.3 修改字段

ALTER TABLE student 
CHANGE COLUMN `province` `province_id` int(11);
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