Conditional Types
At the heart of most useful programs, we have to make decisions based on input. JavaScript programs are no different, but given the fact that values can be easily introspected, those decisions are also based on the types of the inputs. Conditional types help describe the relation between the types of inputs and outputs.
在最有用的程序中（？），我们必须根据输入做出决定。JavaScript程序也不例外，但考虑到值可以很容易地进行内省，这些决策也基于输入的类型。条件类型有助于描述输入和输出类型之间的关系。
interface Animal {
live(): void;
}
interface Dog extends Animal {
woof(): void;
}
type Example1 = Dog extends Animal ? number : string;
type Example1 = number
type Example2 = RegExp extends Animal ? number : string;
type Example2 = string
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Conditional types take a form that looks a little like conditional expressions (condition ? trueExpression : falseExpression) in JavaScript:
SomeType extends OtherType ? TrueType : FalseType;
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SomeType extends OtherType ? TrueType : FalseType;
重点就是这个表达式
When the type on the left of the extends is assignable to the one on the right, then you’ll get the type in the first branch (the “true” branch); otherwise you’ll get the type in the latter branch (the “false” branch).
From the examples above, conditional types might not immediately seem useful - we can tell ourselves whether or not Dog extends Animal and pick number or string! But the power of conditional types comes from using them with generics.
For example, let’s take the following createLabel function:
interface IdLabel {
id: number /* some fields */;
}
interface NameLabel {
name: string /* other fields */;
}
function createLabel(id: number): IdLabel;
function createLabel(name: string): NameLabel;
function createLabel(nameOrId: string | number): IdLabel | NameLabel;
function createLabel(nameOrId: string | number): IdLabel | NameLabel {
throw "unimplemented";
}
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These overloads for createLabel describe a single JavaScript function that makes a choice based on the types of its inputs. Note a few things:
- If a library has to make the same sort of choice over and over throughout its API, this becomes cumbersome.
- We have to create three overloads: one for each case when we’re sure of the type (one for
stringand one fornumber), and one for the most general case (taking astring | number). For every new typecreateLabelcan handle, the number of overloads grows exponentially.
Instead, we can encode that logic in a conditional type:
type NameOrId<T extends number | string> = T extends number
? IdLabel
: NameLabel;
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We can then use that conditional type to simplify our overloads down to a single function with no overloads.
function createLabel<T extends number | string>(idOrName: T): NameOrId<T> {
throw "unimplemented";
}
let a = createLabel("typescript");
let a: NameLabel
let b = createLabel(2.8);
let b: IdLabel
let c = createLabel(Math.random() ? "hello" : 42);
let c: NameLabel | IdLabel
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Conditional Type Constraints
Often, the checks in a conditional type will provide us with some new information. Just like with narrowing with type guards can give us a more specific type, the true branch of a conditional type will further constrain generics by the type we check against.
For example, let’s take the following:
type MessageOf<T> = T["message"];
Type '"message"' cannot be used to index type 'T'.Type '"message"' cannot be used to index type 'T'.Try
In this example, TypeScript errors because T isn’t known to have a property called message. We could constrain T, and TypeScript would no longer complain:
type MessageOf<T extends { message: unknown }> = T["message"];
interface Email {
message: string;
}
type EmailMessageContents = MessageOf<Email>;
type EmailMessageContents = string
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However, what if we wanted MessageOf to take any type, and default to something like never if a message property isn’t available? We can do this by moving the constraint out and introducing a conditional type:
type MessageOf<T> = T extends { message: unknown } ? T["message"] : never;
interface Email {
message: string;
}
interface Dog {
bark(): void;
}
type EmailMessageContents = MessageOf<Email>;
type EmailMessageContents = string
type DogMessageContents = MessageOf<Dog>;
type DogMessageContents = never
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Within the true branch, TypeScript knows that T will have a message property.
As another example, we could also write a type called Flatten that flattens array types to their element types, but leaves them alone otherwise:
type Flatten<T> = T extends any[] ? T[number] : T;
// Extracts out the element type.
type Str = Flatten<string[]>;
type Str = string
// Leaves the type alone.
type Num = Flatten<number>;
type Num = number
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When Flatten is given an array type, it uses an indexed access with number to fetch out string[]’s element type. Otherwise, it just returns the type it was given.
Inferring Within Conditional Types
We just found ourselves using conditional types to apply constraints and then extract out types. This ends up being such a common operation that conditional types make it easier.
Conditional types provide us with a way to infer from types we compare against in the true branch using the infer keyword. For example, we could have inferred the element type in Flatten instead of fetching it out “manually” with an indexed access type:
type Flatten<Type> = Type extends Array<infer Item> ? Item : Type;
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Here, we used the infer keyword to declaratively introduce a new generic type variable named Item instead of specifying how to retrieve the element type of T within the true branch. This frees us from having to think about how to dig through and probing apart the structure of the types we’re interested in.
We can write some useful helper type aliases using the infer keyword. For example, for simple cases, we can extract the return type out from function types:
type GetReturnType<Type> = Type extends (...args: never[]) => infer Return
? Return
: never;
type Num = GetReturnType<() => number>;
type Num = number
type Str = GetReturnType<(x: string) => string>;
type Str = string
type Bools = GetReturnType<(a: boolean, b: boolean) => boolean[]>;
type Bools = boolean[]
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When inferring from a type with multiple call signatures (such as the type of an overloaded function), inferences are made from the last signature (which, presumably, is the most permissive catch-all case). It is not possible to perform overload resolution based on a list of argument types.
declare function stringOrNum(x: string): number;
declare function stringOrNum(x: number): string;
declare function stringOrNum(x: string | number): string | number;
type T1 = ReturnType<typeof stringOrNum>;
type T1 = string | number
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Distributive Conditional Types 分布式条件类型
When conditional types act on a generic type, they become distributive（分布式、分配律） when given a union type. For example, take the following:
当条件类型作用于泛型类型时，当给定一个联合类型时，它们将成为分布式的。例如，以以下内容为例
type ToArray<Type> = Type extends any ? Type[] : never;
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If we plug a union type into ToArray, then the conditional type will be applied to each member of that union.
type ToArray<Type> = Type extends any ? Type[] : never;
type StrArrOrNumArr = ToArray<string | number>;
type StrArrOrNumArr = string[] | number[]
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What happens here is that StrArrOrNumArr distributes on:
string | number;
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and maps over each member type of the union, to what is effectively:
ToArray<string> | ToArray<number>;
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which leaves us with:
string[] | number[];
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Typically, distributivity is the desired behavior. To avoid that behavior, you can surround each side of the extends keyword with square brackets.
type ToArrayNonDist<Type> = [Type] extends [any] ? Type[] : never;
// 'StrArrOrNumArr' is no longer a union.
type StrArrOrNumArr = ToArrayNonDist<string | number>;
type StrArrOrNumArr = (string | number)[]
