Author: Malcolm Gladwell 马尔科姆·格拉德威尔
Part1
So I wanted to tell a story that really obsessed(使痴迷) me when I was writing my new book,
and it's a story of something that happened 3,000 years ago, when the Kingdom of Israel以色列 was in its infancy（初期，婴儿期）.
And it takes place in an area called the Shephelah（犹大高原；示非拉） in what is now Israel.
And the reason the story obsessed me is that I thought I understood it,
and then I went back over it and I realized that I didn't understand it at all.
Ancient Palestine古巴勒斯坦 had a -- along its eastern border, there's a mountain range. Still same is true of Israel today.
And in the mountain range are all of the ancient cities of that region, so Jerusalem（[dʒəˈrusələm]耶路撒冷）, Bethlehem（ [ˈbɛθlɪˌhɛm] 伯利恒）, Hebron（[ˈhɛbrən]希伯伦）.
And then there's a coastal plain（沿岸平原） along the Mediterranean（[ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən] 地中海）, where Tel Aviv（ [tɛl ɑˈviv] 特拉维夫） is now.
And connecting the mountain range with the coastal plain is an area called the Shephelah, which is a series of valleys and ridges山脊 that run east to west,
and you can follow the Shephelah, go through the Shephelah to get from the coastal plain to the mountains.
And the Shephelah, if you've been to Israel, you'll know it's just about the most beautiful part of Israel.
It's gorgeous, with forests of oak and wheat小麦 fields and vineyards（ [ˈvɪnjərdz]葡萄园）.
But more importantly, though, in the history of that region, it's（has） served, it's（has） had a real strategic（[strəˈtiːdʒɪk]战略的） function,
它提供了服务，具有真正的战略功能
and that is, it is the means途径 by which hostile（[ˈhɑːstl]怀有敌意的） armies on the coastal plain find their way, get up into the mountains and threaten those living in the mountains.
And 3,000 years ago, that's exactly what happens.
The Philistines（[ˈfɪləˌstinz]菲利士人）, who are the biggest of enemies of the Kingdom of Israel, are living in the coastal plain.
They're originally from Crete克里特岛. They're a seafaring people航海民族.
And they may start to make their way through one of the valleys of the Shephelah up into the mountains,because what they want to do is occupy占领 the highland area right by Bethlehem and split the Kingdom of Israel in two.
And the Kingdom of Israel, which is headed by King Saul, obviously catches wind of this,and Saul brings his army down from the mountains, and he confronts the Philistines in the Valley of Elah, one of the most beautiful of the valleys of the Shephelah.
And the Israelites dig in隐蔽于 along the northern ridge, and the Philistines dig in along the southern ridge,and the two armies just sit there for weeks and stare at each other, because they're deadlocked.
Neither can attack the other, because to attack the other side you've got to come down the mountain into the valley and then up the other side, and you're completely exposed.
Part2
So finally, to break the deadlock, the Philistines send their mightiest（[ˈmaɪtiəst] 最强大的 mighty） warrior down into the valley floor, and he calls out and he says to the Israelites, "Send your mightiest warrior down, and we'll have this out, just the two of us."
This was a tradition in ancient warfare战争 called single combat（一对一的搏斗(通常用武器)）.
It was a way of settling disputes解决争端 without incurring the bloodshed of a major battle.
And the Philistine who is sent down, their mighty warrior, is a giant.
He's 6 foot 9.
He's outfitted head to toe in this glittering bronze armor（闪闪发光的青铜甲）, and he's got a sword and he's got a javelin标枪 and he's got his spear矛. He is absolutely terrifying.
And he's so terrifying that none of the Israelite soldiers want to fight him.
It's a death wish, right? There's no way they think they can take him.
And finally the only person who will come forward is this young shepherd boy牧童, and he goes up to Saul and he says, "I'll fight him."
And Saul says, "You can't fight him. That's ridiculous. You're this kid. This is this mighty warrior."
But the shepherd is adamant（ [ˈædəmənt]坚决的）.
He says, "No, no, no, you don't understand, I have been defending my flock against lions and wolves for years. I think I can do it."
And Saul has no choice. He's got no one else who's come forward.
So he says, "All right."
And then he turns to the kid, and he says, "But you've got to wear this armor. You can't go as you are."
So he tries to give the shepherd his armor, and the shepherd says, "No."
He says, "I can't wear this stuff."
The Biblical verse（圣经经文） is, "I cannot wear this for I have not proved it," meaning, "I've never worn armor before. You've got to be crazy."
So he reaches down instead on the ground and picks up five stones and puts them in his shepherd's bag and starts to walk down the mountainside to meet the giant.
And the giant sees this figure approaching, and calls out, "Come to me so I can feed your flesh肉 to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field."
He issues this kind of taunt嘲弄 towards this person coming to fight him.
And the shepherd draws closer and closer, and the giant sees that he's carrying a staff. That's all he's carrying.
Instead of a weapon, just this shepherd's staff, and he says -- he's insulted（他被侮辱了） -- "Am I a dog that you would come to me with sticks棍子?"
---大概这样---
古书曰：“每用一握竹，长五尺。以长绳两股，一头系竹上，一头用一环，绳中分用一皮兜，径五寸，摇竿为势,一掷而发。守城宜用，且飘石易得，但手发不远，用此法发之,可远可重。需平时习愤，发乃有佳。”
And the shepherd boy takes one of his stones out of his pocket, puts it in his sling投石器 and rolls it around and lets it fly, and it hits the giant right between the eyes -- right here, in his most vulnerable脆弱的（无防护的） spot -- and he falls down, either dead or unconscious, and the shepherd boy runs up and takes his sword and cuts off his head, and the Philistines see this and they turn and they just run.
And of course, the name of the giant is Goliath and the name of the shepherd boy is David, and the reason that story has obsessed me over the course of writing my book is that everything I thought I knew about that story turned out to be wrong.
Part3
So David, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog弱者, right?
In fact, that term, David and Goliath, has entered our language as a metaphor暗喻 for improbable victories by some weak party over someone far stronger.
Now why do we call David an underdog?
Well, we call him an underdog because he's a kid, a little kid, and Goliath is this big, strong giant.
We also call him an underdog because Goliath is an experienced warrior, and David is just a shepherd.
But most importantly, we call him an underdog because all he has is --
it's that Goliath is outfitted with all of this modern weaponry某一类武器, this glittering coat of armor and a sword and a javelin and a spear,
and all David has is this sling.
Well, let's start there with the phrase "All David has is this sling," because that's the first mistake that we make.
In ancient warfare, there are three kinds of warriors.
There's cavalry骑兵, men on horseback and with chariots战车.
There's heavy infantry步兵, which are foot soldiers, armed foot soldiers with swords and shields and some kind of armor.
And there's artillery炮兵部队, and artillery are archers弓箭手, but, more importantly, slingers投石者.
And a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch皮袋 with two long cords细绳 attached to it, and they put a projectile（ [prəˈdʒektl]投射物）, either a rock or a lead ball铅球, inside the pouch, and they whirl旋转 it around like this and they let one of the cords go, and the effect is to send the projectile forward towards its target.
That's what David has, and it's important to understand that that sling is not a slingshot弹弓.
---大概这样---
It's not this, right?
It's not a child's toy.
It's in fact an incredibly devastating（[ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ]毁灭性的） weapon.
When David rolls it around like this, he's turning the sling around probably at six or seven revolutions per second, and that means that when the rock is released, it's going forward really fast, probably 35 meters per second.
That's substantially大大地 faster than a baseball thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers.
More than that, the stones in the Valley of Elah were not normal rocks.
They were barium sulphate（[ˈberiəm ˈsʌlfeɪt] 硫酸钡）, which are rocks twice the density密度 of normal stones.
If you do the calculations on the ballistics, on the stopping power of the rock fired from David's sling, it's roughly大约 equal to the stopping power of a handgun.
This is an incredibly devastating weapon.
Accuracy准确, we know from historical records that slingers --experienced slingers could hit and maim使受重伤 or even kill a target at distances of up to 200 yards（码(长度单位，等于3英尺或0.9144米)）.
From medieval（ [ˌmediˈiːvl]中世纪的） tapestries（[ˈtæpəstriz]各式各样的人）, we know that slingers were capable有能力的 of hitting birds in flight.
They were incredibly accurate.
When David lines up -- and he's not 200 yards away from Goliath, he's quite close to Goliath --
when he lines up and fires that thing at Goliath, he has every intention and every expectation of being able to hit Goliath at his most vulnerable spot between his eyes.
If you go back over the history of ancient warfare, you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle or another.
So what's Goliath?
He's heavy infantry, and his expectation when he challenges the Israelites to a duel决斗 is that he's going to be fighting another heavy infantryman.
What he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field," the key phrase is "Come to me."
Come up to me because we're going to fight, hand to hand, like this.
Saul has the same expectation.
David says, "I want to fight Goliath," and Saul tries to give him his armor, because Saul is thinking, "Oh, when you say 'fight Goliath,' you mean 'fight him in hand-to-hand combat,' infantry on infantry."
But David has absolutely no expectation.
He's not going to fight him that way. Why would he?
He's a shepherd.
He's spent his entire career using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves.
That's where his strength lies.
So here he is, this shepherd, experienced in the use of a devastating weapon, up against this lumbering笨重的 giant weighed down by被拖累 a hundred pounds of armor, and these incredibly heavy weapons that are useful only in short-range combat.
Goliath is a sitting duck易受攻击者.
He doesn't have a chance.
So why do we keep calling David an underdog, and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable?
Part4
There's a second piece of this that's important.
It's not just that we misunderstand David and his choice of weaponry.
It's also that we profoundly misunderstand Goliath.
Goliath is not what he seems to be.
There's all kinds of hints of this in the Biblical text, things that are in retrospect（ [ˈretrəspekt] 回顾） quite puzzling and don't square with（（和某物）相符） his image as this mighty warrior.
So to begin with, the Bible says that Goliath is led onto the valley floor by an attendant随从.
Now that is weird, right?
Here is this mighty warrior going challenging the Israelites to one-on-one combat.
Why is he being led by the hand by some young boy, presumably, to the point of combat?
Secondly, the Bible story makes special note of how slowly Goliath moves, another odd thing to say when you're describing the mightiest warrior known to man at that point.
And then there's this whole weird thing about how long it takes Goliath to react to the sight of David.
So David's coming down the mountain, and he's clearly not preparing for hand-to-hand combat.
There is nothing about him that says, "I am about to fight you like this."
He's not even carrying a sword.
Why does Goliath not react to that?
It's as if he's oblivious to what's going on that day.
And then there's that strange comment he makes to David:
"Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
Sticks? David only has one stick.
Well, it turns out that there's been a great deal of speculation推断 within the medical community医学界 over the years about whether there is something fundamentally wrong with Goliath, an attempt to make sense of all of those apparent anomalies（ [əˈnɑməliz]反常现象）.
There have been many articles written.The first one was in 1960 in the Indiana Medical Journal, and it started a chain of speculation that starts with an explanation for Goliath's height.
So Goliath is head and shoulders above all of his peers in that era, and usually when someone is that far out of the norm, there's an explanation for it.
So the most common form of giantism is a condition called acromegaly（[ˌækrә'megәli]肢端肥大症）, and acromegaly is caused by a benign（[bɪˈnaɪn]良性的） tumor on your pituitary gland（脑垂体） that causes an overproduction of human growth hormone（[ˈhɔːrmoʊn]荷尔蒙）.
And throughout history, many of the most famous giants have all had acromegaly.
So the tallest person of all time was a guy named Robert Wadlow who was still growing when he died at the age of 24 and he was 8 foot 11.
He had acromegaly.
Do you remember the wrestler André the Giant摔跤手安德烈巨人
Famous. He had acromegaly.
There's even speculation that Abraham Lincoln([ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən]亚伯拉罕·林肯) had acromegaly.
Anyone who's unusually tall, that's the first explanation we come up with.
And acromegaly has a very distinct set of side effects associated with it, principally having to do with vision.
The pituitary tumor, as it grows, often starts to compress the visual nerves in your brain, with the result that people with acromegaly have either double vision or they are profoundly nearsighted.
So when people have started to speculate about what might have been wrong with Goliath, they've said, "Wait a minute, he looks and sounds an awful lot like someone who has acromegaly."
And that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day.
Why does he move so slowly and have to be escorted([ɪˈskɔːrtɪd]护送) down into the valley floor by an attendant?
Because he can't make his way on his own.
Why is he so strangely oblivious to David that he doesn't understand that David's not going to fight him until the very last moment?
Because he can't see him.
When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field," the phrase "come to me" is a hint also of his vulnerability.
Come to me because I can't see you.
And then there's, "Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
He sees two sticks when David has only one.
So the Israelites up on the mountain ridge looking down on him thought he was this extraordinarily powerful foe敌人.
What they didn't understand was that the very thing that was the source of his apparent strength was also the source of his greatest weakness.
And there is, I think, in that, a very important lesson for all of us.
Giants are not as strong and powerful as they seem.
And sometimes the shepherd boy has a sling in his pocket.
Thank you.
