共享带来的问题

小故事

Java 的体现

两个线程对初始值为 0 的静态变量一个做自增，一个做自减，各做 5000 次，结果是 0 吗？

问题分析

多线程情况下，会交错执行：

临界区

竞态条件 Race Condition

多个线程在临界区内执行，由于代码的执行序列不同而导致结果无法预测，称之为发生了竞态条件

synchronized 解决方案

synchronized

思考

面向对象改进

把需要保护的共享变量放入一个类

方法上的 synchronized

不加 synchronized 的方法

• 不加 synchronzied 的方法就好比不遵守规则的人，不去老实排队（好比翻窗户进去的）

线程八锁问题

变量的线程安全分析

成员变量和静态变量是否线程安全？

• 如果它们没有共享，则线程安全
• 如果它们被共享了，根据它们的状态是否能够改变，又分两种情况
  • 如果只有读操作，则线程安全
  • 如果有读写操作，则这段代码是临界区，需要考虑线程安全

局部变量是否线程安全？

• 局部变量是线程安全的
• 但局部变量引用的对象则未必
  • 如果该对象没有逃离方法的作用访问，它是线程安全的
  • 如果该对象逃离方法的作用范围，需要考虑线程安全

局部变量线程安全分析

局部变量的引用稍有不同

先看一个成员变量的例子

方法访问修饰符带来的思考，如果把 method2 和 method3 的方法修改为 public 会不会代理线程安全问题？

• 情况1：有其它线程调用 method2 和 method3
• 情况2：在 情况1 的基础上，为 ThreadSafe 类添加子类，子类覆盖 method2 或 method3 方法，即

从这个例子可以看出 private 或 fifinal 提供【安全】的意义所在，请体会开闭原则中的【闭】

常见线程安全类

• String
• Integer
• StringBuffffer
• Random
• Vector
• Hashtable
• java.util.concurrent 包下的类

这里说它们是线程安全的是指，多个线程调用它们同一个实例的某个方法时，是线程安全的。也可以理解为

• 它们的每个方法是原子的
• 但注意它们多个方法的组合不是原子的，见后面分析

线程安全类方法的组合

分析下面代码是否线程安全？

不可变类线程安全性

String、Integer 等都是不可变类，因为其内部的状态不可以改变，因此它们的方法都是线程安全的

有同学或许有疑问，String 有 replace，substring 等方法【可以】改变值啊，那么这些方法又是如何保证线程安全的呢？

实例分析

例1：

例2：

例3：

例4：

例5：

例6：

例7：

习题

卖票练习

测试下面代码是否存在线程安全问题，并尝试改正

@Slf4j(topic = "c.ExerciseSell")
public class ExerciseSell {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        // 模拟多人买票
        TicketWindow window = new TicketWindow(1000);

        // 所有线程的集合
        List<Thread> threadList = new ArrayList<>();
        // 卖出的票数统计
        List<Integer> amountList = new Vector<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
            Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
                // 买票
                int amount = window.sell(random(5));
                // 统计买票数
                amountList.add(amount);
            });
            threadList.add(thread);
            thread.start();
        }

        for (Thread thread : threadList) {
            thread.join();
        }

        // 统计卖出的票数和剩余票数
        log.debug("余票：{}",window.getCount());
        log.debug("卖出的票数：{}", amountList.stream().mapToInt(i-> i).sum());
    }

    // Random 为线程安全
    static Random random = new Random();

    // 随机 1~5
    public static int random(int amount) {
        return random.nextInt(amount) + 1;
    }
}

// 售票窗口
class TicketWindow {
    private int count;

    public TicketWindow(int count) {
        this.count = count;
    }

    // 获取余票数量
    public int getCount() {
        return count;
    }

    // 售票
    public int sell(int amount) {
        if (this.count >= amount) {
            this.count -= amount;
            return amount;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

改法：

// 售票
public synchronized int sell(int amount) {
    if (this.count >= amount) {
        this.count -= amount;
        return amount;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

转账练习

测试下面代码是否存在线程安全问题，并尝试改正

@Slf4j(topic = "c.ExerciseTransfer")
public class ExerciseTransfer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Account a = new Account(1000);
        Account b = new Account(1000);
        Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                a.transfer(b, randomAmount());
            }
        }, "t1");
        Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                b.transfer(a, randomAmount());
            }
        }, "t2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t1.join();
        t2.join();
        // 查看转账2000次后的总金额
        log.debug("total:{}", (a.getMoney() + b.getMoney()));
    }

    // Random 为线程安全
    static Random random = new Random();

    // 随机 1~100
    public static int randomAmount() {
        return random.nextInt(100) + 1;
    }
}

// 账户
class Account {
    private int money;

    public Account(int money) {
        this.money = money;
    }

    public int getMoney() {
        return money;
    }

    public void setMoney(int money) {
        this.money = money;
    }

    // 转账
    public void transfer(Account target, int amount) {
        if (this.money >= amount) {
            this.setMoney(this.getMoney() - amount);
            target.setMoney(target.getMoney() + amount);
        }
    }
}

结果

18:20:55.457 c.ExerciseTransfer [main] - total:952

Process finished with exit code 0

改法：

// 改法1：ok
public void transfer(Account target, int amount) {
    synchronized(Account.class) {
        if (this.money >= amount) {
            this.setMoney(this.getMoney() - amount);
            target.setMoney(target.getMoney() + amount);
        }
    }
}

// 改法2: 不行
public void transfer(Account target, int amount) {
    synchronized(this) {
        if (this.money >= amount) {
            this.setMoney(this.getMoney() - amount);
            target.setMoney(target.getMoney() + amount);
        }
    }
}

Monitor 概念

Java 对象头

以 32 位虚拟机为例

原理之monitor(锁/管程)

原理之 synchronized

对应的字节码：

synchronized 原理进阶

轻量级锁

轻量级锁的使用场景：如果一个对象虽然有多线程要加锁，但加锁的时间是错开的（也就是没有竞争），那么可以使用轻量级锁来优化。

轻量级锁对使用者是透明的，即语法仍然是 synchronized

假设有两个方法同步块，利用同一个对象加锁

锁膨胀

自旋优化

重量级锁竞争的时候，还可以使用自旋来进行优化，如果当前线程自旋成功（即这时候持锁线程已经退出了同步块，释放了锁），这时当前线程就可以避免阻塞。

自旋重试成功的情况

偏向锁

轻量级锁在没有竞争时（就自己这个线程），每次重入仍然需要执行 CAS 操作。

Java 6 中引入了偏向锁来做进一步优化：只有第一次使用 CAS 将线程 ID 设置到对象的 Mark Word 头，之后发现 这个线程 ID 是自己的就表示没有竞争，不用重新 CAS。以后只要不发生竞争，这个对象就归该线程所有

例如：

偏向状态

撤销-调用对象hashcode

撤销 - 其它线程使用对象

当有其它线程使用偏向锁对象时，会将偏向锁升级为轻量级锁

撤销 - 调用 wait/notify

wait notify 正确使用姿势

小故事-为什么需要wait/notify

原理之wait/notify

api介绍

它们都是线程之间进行协作的手段，都属于 Object 对象的方法。必须获得此对象的锁，才能调用这几个方法

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestWaitNotify")
public class TestWaitNotify {
    final static Object obj = new Object();

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (obj) {
                log.debug("执行....");
                try {
                    obj.wait(); // 让线程在obj上一直等待下去
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                log.debug("其它代码....");
            }
        },"t1").start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (obj) {
                log.debug("执行....");
                try {
                    obj.wait(); // 让线程在obj上一直等待下去
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                log.debug("其它代码....");
            }
        },"t2").start();

        // 主线程两秒后执行
        sleep(2);
        log.debug("唤醒 obj 上其它线程");
        synchronized (obj) {
//            obj.notify(); // 唤醒obj上一个线程
            obj.notifyAll(); // 唤醒obj上所有等待线程
        }
    }
}

wait/notify正确使用姿势

sleep和wait区别

step1

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCorrectPosture")
public class TestCorrectPostureStep1 {
    static final Object room = new Object();
    static boolean hasCigarette = false; // 有没有烟
    static boolean hasTakeout = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (!hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
                    sleep(2);
                }
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                }
            }
        }, "小南").start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                synchronized (room) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                }
            }, "其它人").start();
        }

        sleep(1);
        new Thread(() -> {
            // 这里能不能加 synchronized (room)？
            synchronized (room) {
                hasCigarette = true;
                log.debug("烟到了噢！");
            }
        }, "送烟的").start();
    }

}

结果

21:25:13.426 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:25:13.430 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！
21:25:15.434 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:25:15.435 c.TestCorrectPosture [送烟的] - 烟到了噢！
21:25:15.435 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:25:15.436 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:25:15.436 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:25:15.437 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:25:15.437 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了

Process finished with exit code 0

step2

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCorrectPosture")
public class TestCorrectPostureStep2 {
    static final Object room = new Object();
    static boolean hasCigarette = false;
    static boolean hasTakeout = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (!hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait(2000);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                }
            }
        }, "小南").start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                synchronized (room) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                }
            }, "其它人").start();
        }

        sleep(1);
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                hasCigarette = true;
                log.debug("烟到了噢！");
                room.notify();
            }
        }, "送烟的").start();
    }

}

结果：

21:26:44.046 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:26:44.049 c.TestCorrectPosture [其它人] - 可以开始干活了
21:26:45.052 c.TestCorrectPosture [送烟的] - 烟到了噢！
21:26:45.052 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[true]
21:26:45.052 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 可以开始干活了

Process finished with exit code 0

step3

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCorrectPosture")
public class TestCorrectPostureStep3 {
    static final Object room = new Object();
    static boolean hasCigarette = false;
    static boolean hasTakeout = false;

    // 虚假唤醒
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (!hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小南").start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                if (!hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("没外卖，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                if (hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小女").start();

        sleep(1);
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                hasTakeout = true;
                log.debug("外卖到了噢！");
                room.notifyAll();
            }
        }, "送外卖的").start();


    }

}

结果:

21:27:23.842 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:27:23.847 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！
21:27:23.847 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[false]
21:27:23.847 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 没外卖，先歇会！
21:27:24.844 c.TestCorrectPosture [送外卖的] - 外卖到了噢！
21:27:24.844 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[true]
21:27:24.845 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 可以开始干活了
21:27:24.845 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:27:24.845 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没干成活...

Process finished with exit code 0

step4

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCorrectPosture")
public class TestCorrectPostureStep4 {
    static final Object room = new Object();
    static boolean hasCigarette = false;
    static boolean hasTakeout = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {


        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                while (!hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小南").start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                if (!hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("没外卖，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                if (hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小女").start();

        sleep(1);
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                hasTakeout = true;
                log.debug("外卖到了噢！");
                room.notifyAll();
            }
        }, "送外卖的").start();


    }

}

结果：

21:28:16.699 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:28:16.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！
21:28:16.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[false]
21:28:16.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 没外卖，先歇会！
21:28:17.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [送外卖的] - 外卖到了噢！
21:28:17.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[true]
21:28:17.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 可以开始干活了
21:28:17.703 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！

step5

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCorrectPosture")
public class TestCorrectPostureStep5 {
    static final Object room = new Object();
    static boolean hasCigarette = false;
    static boolean hasTakeout = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {


        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                while (!hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
                if (hasCigarette) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小南").start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                while (!hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("没外卖，先歇会！");
                    try {
                        room.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
                if (hasTakeout) {
                    log.debug("可以开始干活了");
                } else {
                    log.debug("没干成活...");
                }
            }
        }, "小女").start();

        sleep(1);
        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (room) {
                hasTakeout = true;
                log.debug("外卖到了噢！");
                room.notifyAll();
            }
        }, "送外卖的").start();


    }

}

结果：

21:28:58.400 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 有烟没？[false]
21:28:58.403 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！
21:28:58.403 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[false]
21:28:58.403 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 没外卖，先歇会！
21:28:59.405 c.TestCorrectPosture [送外卖的] - 外卖到了噢！
21:28:59.405 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 外卖送到没？[true]
21:28:59.405 c.TestCorrectPosture [小女] - 可以开始干活了
21:28:59.405 c.TestCorrectPosture [小南] - 没烟，先歇会！

模式之保护性暂停

定义

实现

class GuardedObject {

    private Object response;
    private final Object lock = new Object();

    public Object get() {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // 条件不满足则等待
            while (response == null) {
                try {
                    lock.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return response;
        }
    }

    public void complete(Object response) {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // 条件满足，通知等待线程
            this.response = response;
            lock.notifyAll();
        }
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestGuardedObject")
public class TestGuardedObject {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GuardedObject guardedObject = new GuardedObject();
        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                List<String> response = download();
                log.debug("download complete...");
                guardedObject.complete(response);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).start();

        log.debug("waiting...");
        Object response = guardedObject.get();
        log.debug("get response: [{}] lines", ((List<String>) response).size());

    }


}

结果：

21:51:52.446 c.TestGuardedObject [main] - waiting...
21:51:52.912 c.TestGuardedObject [Thread-0] - download complete...
21:51:52.912 c.TestGuardedObject [main] - get response: [3] lines

Process finished with exit code 0

带超时的保护性暂停

/**
 * 添加超时处理
 */
@Slf4j(topic = "c.GuardedObjectV2")
class GuardedObjectV2 {

    private Object response;
    private final Object lock = new Object();

    public Object get(long millis) {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // 1) 记录最初时间
            long last = System.currentTimeMillis();
            // 2) 已经经历的时间
            long timePassed = 0;
            while (response == null) {
                // 4) 假设 millis 是 1000，结果在 400 时唤醒了，那么还有 600 要等
                long waitTime = millis - timePassed;
                log.debug("waitTime: {}", waitTime);
                if (waitTime <= 0) {
                    log.debug("break...");
                    break;
                }
                try {
                    lock.wait(waitTime);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                // 3) 如果提前被唤醒，这时已经经历的时间假设为 400
                timePassed = System.currentTimeMillis() - last;
                log.debug("timePassed: {}, object is null {}", timePassed, response == null);
            }
            return response;
        }
    }

    public void complete(Object response) {
        synchronized (lock) {
            // 条件满足，通知等待线程
            this.response = response;
            log.debug("notify...");
            lock.notifyAll();
        }
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestGuardedObjectV2")
public class TestGuardedObjectV2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GuardedObjectV2 v2 = new GuardedObjectV2();
        new Thread(() -> {
            sleep(1);
            v2.complete(null);
            sleep(1);
            v2.complete(Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c"));
        }).start();

        Object response = v2.get(2500);
        if (response != null) {
            log.debug("get response: [{}] lines", ((List<String>) response).size());
        } else {
            log.debug("can't get response");
        }
    }
}

结果：

21:54:01.975 c.GuardedObjectV2 [main] - waitTime: 2500
21:54:02.978 c.GuardedObjectV2 [Thread-0] - notify...
21:54:02.978 c.GuardedObjectV2 [main] - timePassed: 1006, object is null true
21:54:02.978 c.GuardedObjectV2 [main] - waitTime: 1494
21:54:03.979 c.GuardedObjectV2 [Thread-0] - notify...
21:54:03.979 c.GuardedObjectV2 [main] - timePassed: 2007, object is null false
21:54:03.979 c.TestGuardedObjectV2 [main] - get response: [3] lines

Process finished with exit code 0

原理之join

源码：

• 就是用的 wait
• 其实就是保护性暂停

public final synchronized void join(long millis)
throws InterruptedException {
    long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long now = 0;

    if (millis < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
    }

    if (millis == 0) {
        while (isAlive()) {
            wait(0);
        }
    } else {
        while (isAlive()) {
            long delay = millis - now;
            if (delay <= 0) {
                break;
            }
            wait(delay);
            now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
        }
    }
}

多任务版本保护性暂停

GuardedObject

// 增加超时效果
class GuardedObject {

    // 标识 Guarded Object
    private int id;

    public GuardedObject(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    // 结果
    private Object response;

    // 获取结果
    // timeout 表示要等待多久 2000
    public Object get(long timeout) {
        synchronized (this) {
            // 开始时间 15:00:00
            long begin = System.currentTimeMillis();
            // 经历的时间
            long passedTime = 0;
            while (response == null) {
                // 这一轮循环应该等待的时间
                long waitTime = timeout - passedTime;
                // 经历的时间超过了最大等待时间时，退出循环
                if (timeout - passedTime <= 0) {
                    break;
                }
                try {
                    this.wait(waitTime); // 虚假唤醒 15:00:01
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                // 求得经历时间
                passedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - begin; // 15:00:02  1s
            }
            return response;
        }
    }

    // 产生结果
    public void complete(Object response) {
        synchronized (this) {
            // 给结果成员变量赋值
            this.response = response;
            this.notifyAll();
        }
    }
}

解耦类

class Mailboxes {
    private static Map<Integer, GuardedObject> boxes = new Hashtable<>();

    private static int id = 1;
    // 产生唯一 id
    private static synchronized int generateId() {
        return id++;
    }

    public static GuardedObject getGuardedObject(int id) {
        return boxes.remove(id);
    }

    public static GuardedObject createGuardedObject() {
        GuardedObject go = new GuardedObject(generateId());
        boxes.put(go.getId(), go);
        return go;
    }

    public static Set<Integer> getIds() {
        return boxes.keySet();
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.People")
class People extends Thread{
    @Override
    public void run() {
        // 收信
        GuardedObject guardedObject = Mailboxes.createGuardedObject();
        log.debug("开始收信 id:{}", guardedObject.getId());
        Object mail = guardedObject.get(5000);
        log.debug("收到信 id:{}, 内容:{}", guardedObject.getId(), mail);
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Postman")
class Postman extends Thread {
    private int id;
    private String mail;

    public Postman(int id, String mail) {
        this.id = id;
        this.mail = mail;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        GuardedObject guardedObject = Mailboxes.getGuardedObject(id);
        log.debug("送信 id:{}, 内容:{}", id, mail);
        guardedObject.complete(mail);
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test20")
public class Test20 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            new People().start();
        }
        Sleeper.sleep(1);
        for (Integer id : Mailboxes.getIds()) {
            new Postman(id, "内容" + id).start();
        }
    }
}


16:44:58.251 c.People [Thread-0] - 开始收信 id:3
16:44:58.251 c.People [Thread-2] - 开始收信 id:1
16:44:58.251 c.People [Thread-1] - 开始收信 id:2
16:44:59.254 c.Postman [Thread-3] - 送信 id:3, 内容:内容3
16:44:59.255 c.Postman [Thread-4] - 送信 id:2, 内容:内容2
16:44:59.255 c.Postman [Thread-5] - 送信 id:1, 内容:内容1
16:44:59.255 c.People [Thread-1] - 收到信 id:2, 内容:内容2
16:44:59.255 c.People [Thread-0] - 收到信 id:3, 内容:内容3
16:44:59.255 c.People [Thread-2] - 收到信 id:1, 内容:内容1

Process finished with exit code 0

生产者消费者模式

定义

实现

Message

class Message {
    private int id;
    private Object message;

    public Message(int id, Object message) {
        this.id = id;
        this.message = message;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public Object getMessage() {
        return message;
    }
}

消息队列

@Slf4j(topic = "c.MessageQueue")
class MessageQueue {
    private LinkedList<Message> queue;
    private int capacity;

    public MessageQueue(int capacity) {
        this.capacity = capacity;
        queue = new LinkedList<>();
    }

    public Message take() {
        synchronized (queue) {
            while (queue.isEmpty()) {
                log.debug("没货了, wait");
                try {
                    queue.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            Message message = queue.removeFirst();
            queue.notifyAll();
            return message;
        }
    }

    public void put(Message message) {
        synchronized (queue) {
            while (queue.size() == capacity) {
                log.debug("库存已达上限, wait");
                try {
                    queue.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            queue.addLast(message);
            queue.notifyAll();
        }
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestProducerConsumer")
public class TestProducerConsumer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MessageQueue messageQueue = new MessageQueue(2);
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            int id = i;
            new Thread(() -> {
                try {
                    log.debug("download...");
                    List<String> response = Downloader.download();
                    log.debug("try put message({})", id);
                    messageQueue.put(new Message(id, response));
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }, "生产者" + i).start();
        }

        new Thread(() -> {
            while (true) {
                Message message = messageQueue.take();
                List<String> response = (List<String>) message.getMessage();
                log.debug("take message({}): [{}] lines", message.getId(), response.size());
            }

        }, "消费者").start();
    }
}

结果：

16:56:49.140 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者2] - download...
16:56:49.140 c.MessageQueue [消费者] - 没货了, wait
16:56:49.140 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者3] - download...
16:56:49.140 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者1] - download...
16:56:49.140 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者0] - download...
16:56:49.646 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者3] - try put message(3)
16:56:49.646 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者2] - try put message(2)
16:56:49.646 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者1] - try put message(1)
16:56:49.646 c.TestProducerConsumer [生产者0] - try put message(0)
16:56:49.649 c.MessageQueue [生产者3] - 库存已达上限, wait
16:56:49.649 c.MessageQueue [生产者1] - 库存已达上限, wait
16:56:49.649 c.TestProducerConsumer [消费者] - take message(0): [3] lines
16:56:49.649 c.TestProducerConsumer [消费者] - take message(2): [3] lines
16:56:49.649 c.TestProducerConsumer [消费者] - take message(1): [3] lines
16:56:49.649 c.MessageQueue [消费者] - 没货了, wait
16:56:49.649 c.TestProducerConsumer [消费者] - take message(3): [3] lines
16:56:49.649 c.MessageQueue [消费者] - 没货了, wait

park/unpark

使用

先park再unpark

先unpark再park

特点

原理

重新理解线程状态转换

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestWaitNotify")
public class TestWaitNotify {
    final static Object obj = new Object();

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (obj) {
                log.debug("执行....");
                try {
                    obj.wait(); // 让线程在obj上一直等待下去
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                log.debug("其它代码....");
            }
        },"t1").start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (obj) {
                log.debug("执行....");
                try {
                    obj.wait(); // 让线程在obj上一直等待下去
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                log.debug("其它代码....");
            }
        },"t2").start();

        // 主线程两秒后执行
        sleep(2);
        log.debug("唤醒 obj 上其它线程");
        synchronized (obj) {
//            obj.notify(); // 唤醒obj上一个线程
            obj.notifyAll(); // 唤醒obj上所有等待线程
        }
    }
}

多把锁

改进

public class TestMultiLock {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BigRoom bigRoom = new BigRoom();
        new Thread(() -> {
            bigRoom.study();
        },"小南").start();
        new Thread(() -> {
            bigRoom.sleep();
        },"小女").start();
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.BigRoom")
class BigRoom {

    private final Object studyRoom = new Object();

    private final Object bedRoom = new Object();

    public void sleep() {
        synchronized (bedRoom) {
            log.debug("sleeping 2 小时");
            Sleeper.sleep(2);
        }
    }

    public void study() {
        synchronized (studyRoom) {
            log.debug("study 1 小时");
            Sleeper.sleep(1);
        }
    }

}

结果：

17:44:22.811 c.BigRoom [小南] - study 1 小时
17:44:22.811 c.BigRoom [小女] - sleeping 2 小时

Process finished with exit code 0

活跃性

死锁

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestDeadLock")
public class TestDeadLock {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        test1();
    }

    private static void test1() {
        Object A = new Object();
        Object B = new Object();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (A) {
                log.debug("lock A");
                sleep(1);
                synchronized (B) {
                    log.debug("lock B");
                    log.debug("操作...");
                }
            }
        }, "t1");

        Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (B) {
                log.debug("lock B");
                sleep(0.5);
                synchronized (A) {
                    log.debug("lock A");
                    log.debug("操作...");
                }
            }
        }, "t2");
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

定位死锁

哲学家就餐

public class TestDeadLock {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Chopstick c1 = new Chopstick("1");
        Chopstick c2 = new Chopstick("2");
        Chopstick c3 = new Chopstick("3");
        Chopstick c4 = new Chopstick("4");
        Chopstick c5 = new Chopstick("5");
        new Philosopher("苏格拉底", c1, c2).start();
        new Philosopher("柏拉图", c2, c3).start();
        new Philosopher("亚里士多德", c3, c4).start();
        new Philosopher("赫拉克利特", c4, c5).start();
        new Philosopher("阿基米德", c5, c1).start();
    }
}

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Philosopher")
class Philosopher extends Thread {
    Chopstick left;
    Chopstick right;

    public Philosopher(String name, Chopstick left, Chopstick right) {
        super(name);
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (true) {
            //　尝试获得左手筷子
            synchronized (left) {
                // 尝试获得右手筷子
                synchronized (right) {
                    eat();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    Random random = new Random();
    private void eat() {
        log.debug("eating...");
        Sleeper.sleep(0.5);
    }
}

class Chopstick {
    String name;

    public Chopstick(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "筷子{" + name + '}';
    }
}

这种线程没有按预期结束，执行不下去的情况，归类为【活跃性】问题，除了死锁以外，还有活锁和饥饿者两种情况

活锁

活锁出现在两个线程互相改变对方的结束条件，最后谁也无法结束，例如

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestLiveLock")
public class TestLiveLock {
    static volatile int count = 10;
    static final Object lock = new Object();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            // 期望减到 0 退出循环
            while (count > 0) {
                sleep(0.2);
                count--;
                log.debug("count: {}", count);
            }
        }, "t1").start();
        new Thread(() -> {
            // 期望超过 20 退出循环
            while (count < 20) {
                sleep(0.2);
                count++;
                log.debug("count: {}", count);
            }
        }, "t2").start();
    }
}

饥饿

顺序加锁解决方案

ReentrentLock

可重入锁

可重入是指同一个线程如果首次获得了这把锁，那么因为它是这把锁的拥有者，因此有权利再次获取这把锁

如果是不可重入锁，那么第二次获得锁时，自己也会被锁挡住

可打断

锁超时

立即失败

超时失败

使用 tryLock 解决哲学家就餐问题

公平锁

公平锁一般没有必要，会降低并发度，后面分析原理时会讲解

条件变量

@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestCondition")
public class TestCondition {
    static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    static Condition waitCigaretteQueue = lock.newCondition();
    static Condition waitbreakfastQueue = lock.newCondition();
    static volatile boolean hasCigrette = false;
    static volatile boolean hasBreakfast = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                while (!hasCigrette) {
                    try {
                        waitCigaretteQueue.await();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("等到了它的烟");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }).start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                while (!hasBreakfast) {
                    try {
                        waitbreakfastQueue.await();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("等到了它的早餐");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }).start();

        sleep(1);
        sendBreakfast();
        sleep(1);
        sendCigarette();
    }

    private static void sendCigarette() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            log.debug("送烟来了");
            hasCigrette = true;
            waitCigaretteQueue.signal();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    private static void sendBreakfast() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            log.debug("送早餐来了");
            hasBreakfast = true;
            waitbreakfastQueue.signal();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}

输出：

11:04:33.127 c.TestCondition [main] - 送早餐来了
11:04:33.130 c.TestCondition [Thread-1] - 等到了它的早餐
11:04:34.135 c.TestCondition [main] - 送烟来了
11:04:34.135 c.TestCondition [Thread-0] - 等到了它的烟

Process finished with exit code 0

同步模式之顺序控制

固定运行顺序

比如，必须先 2 后 1 打印

wait notify 版

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test25")
public class Test25 {
    static final Object lock = new Object();
    // 表示 t2 是否运行过
    static boolean t2runned = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (lock) {
                while (!t2runned) {
                    try {
                        lock.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                log.debug("1");
            }
        }, "t1");


        Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
            synchronized (lock) {
                log.debug("2");
                t2runned = true;
                lock.notify();
            }
        }, "t2");

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }
}

输出

11:11:21.238 c.Test25 [t2] - 2
11:11:21.240 c.Test25 [t1] - 1

Process finished with exit code 0

park unpark 版

@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test26")
public class Test26 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
            LockSupport.park();
            log.debug("1");
        }, "t1");
        t1.start();

        new Thread(() -> {
            log.debug("2");
            LockSupport.unpark(t1);
        },"t2").start();
    }
}

输出

11:12:29.782 c.Test26 [t2] - 2
11:12:29.785 c.Test26 [t1] - 1

Process finished with exit code 0

park 和 unpark 方法比较灵活，他俩谁先调用，谁后调用无所谓。并且是以线程为单位进行『暂停』和『恢复』，不需要『同步对象』和『运行标记』

交替输出

线程 1 输出 a 5 次，线程 2 输出 b 5 次，线程 3 输出 c 5 次。现在要求输出 abcabcabcabcabc 怎么实现

wait notify 版

class SyncWaitNotify {
    private int flag;
    private int loopNumber;

    public SyncWaitNotify(int flag, int loopNumber) {
        this.flag = flag;
        this.loopNumber = loopNumber;
    }

    public void print(int waitFlag, int nextFlag, String str) {
        for (int i = 0; i < loopNumber; i++) {
            synchronized (this) {
                while (this.flag != waitFlag) {
                    try {
                        this.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                System.out.print(str);
                flag = nextFlag;
                this.notifyAll();
            }
        }
    }
}


private static void test1() {
    SyncWaitNotify syncWaitNotify = new SyncWaitNotify(1, 5);
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncWaitNotify.print(1, 2, "a");
    }).start();
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncWaitNotify.print(2, 3, "b");
    }).start();
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncWaitNotify.print(3, 1, "c\n");
    }).start();
}


输出：
abc
abc
abc
abc
abc

Process finished with exit code 0

Lock条件变量版

class SyncLock extends ReentrantLock {
    Condition waitSet = this.newCondition();
    private int flag;
    private int loopNumber;

    public SyncLock(int flag, int loopNumber) {
        this.flag = flag;
        this.loopNumber = loopNumber;
    }

    public void print(int waitFlag, int nextFlag, String str) {
        for (int i = 0; i < loopNumber; i++) {
            this.lock();
            try {
                while (this.flag != waitFlag) {
                    try {
                        waitSet.await();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                System.out.print(str);
                this.flag = nextFlag;
                waitSet.signalAll();
            } finally {
                this.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
}



private static void test2() {
    SyncLock syncLock = new SyncLock(1, 5);
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncLock.print(1, 2, "a");
    }).start();
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncLock.print(2, 3, "b");
    }).start();
    new Thread(() -> {
        syncLock.print(3, 1, "c\n");
    }).start();
}

输出

abc
abc
abc
abc
abc

Process finished with exit code 0

park unpark版本

class SyncPark {
    private int loopNumber;
    private Thread[] threads;

    public SyncPark(int loopNumber) {
        this.loopNumber = loopNumber;
    }

    public void setThreads(Thread... threads) {
        this.threads = threads;
    }

    public void print(String str) {
        for (int i = 0; i < loopNumber; i++) {
            LockSupport.park();
            System.out.print(str);
            LockSupport.unpark(nextThread());
        }
    }

    private Thread nextThread() {
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        int index = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
            if(threads[i] == current) {
                index = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(index < threads.length - 1) {
            return threads[index+1];
        } else {
            return threads[0];
        }
    }

    public void start() {
        for (Thread thread : threads) {
            thread.start();
        }
        LockSupport.unpark(threads[0]);
    }
}



private static void test3() {
    SyncPark syncPark = new SyncPark(3);
    Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
        syncPark.print("a");
    });
    Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
        syncPark.print("b");
    });
    Thread t3 = new Thread(() -> {
        syncPark.print("c\n");
    });
    syncPark.setThreads(t1, t2, t3);
    syncPark.start();
}

本章小结