Nginx概述
- Nginx是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器。
- 是一款轻量级的高性能的web服务器/反向代理服务器/电子邮件(IMAP/POP3)代理服务器
- 单台物理服务器可支持30 000~50 000个并发请求。
- 轻量级,同样起web服务,比apache占用更少的内存及资源
- 抗并发,nginx处理请求是异步非阻塞的,而apache是阻塞型的在高并发下,nginx能保持低资源低消耗高性能
- 高度模块化的设计,编写模块相对简
Nginx和Apache最核心的区别
apache是同步多进程模型,一个连接对应一个进程,nginx是异步的,多个连接可以对应一个进程。
Nginx处理静态文件好,耗费内存少,只适合静态和反向。
Apache在处理动态有优势,
nginx并发性比较好,CPU占用内存低,如果rewrite频繁,选用apache最佳。
安装Nginx 服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0
```js
安装依赖包
yum -y install pcre-devel zlib-devel gcc gcc-c++ make
useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin/ nginx
将安装nginx所需的软件包传到/opt目录下并解压
[root@localhost opt]# ls
rh
[root@localhost opt]# rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@localhost opt]# ls
nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz rh
[root@localhost opt]# tar zxvf nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz -C /opt/
nginx-1.12.0/
编译安装Nginx
[root@localhost opt]# ls
nginx-1.12.0 nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz rh
[root@localhost opt]# cd nginx-1.12.0/
[root@localhost nginx-1.12.0]# ls
auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE man README src
[root@localhost nginx-1.12.0]# ./configure \
> --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
> --user=nginx \
> --group=nginx \
> --with-http_stub_status_module
```js
编译安装及优化路径
make && make install
ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/
Nginx开启及关闭
添加nginx服务
vim /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
-----------------------------------------------------------
[Unit]:服务的说明
Description:描述服务
After:依赖,当依赖的服务启动之后再启动自定义的服务
[Service]服务运行参数的设置
Type=forking是后台运行的形式,使用此启动类型应同时指定PIDFile=,以便systemd能够跟踪服务的主进程。
ExecStart为服务的具体运行命令
ExecReload为重启命令
ExecStop为停止命令
Privatermp=True表示给服务分配独立的临时空间
注意:启动、重启、停止命令全部要求使用绝对路径
[Install]服务安装的相关设置,可设置为多用户
```js
认识Nginx服务的主配置文件 nginx.conf
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
全局块:全局配置,对全局生效;
events块:配置影响Nginx服务器与用户的网络连接;
http块:配置代理,缓存,日志定义等绝大多数功能和第三方模块的配置;
server块:配置虚拟主机的相关参数,一个http块中可以有多个server块;
location块:用于配置匹配的uri;
upstream:配置后端服务器具体地址,负载均衡配置不可或缺的部分;
全局配置
I/O事件配置
内核优化
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
HTTP设置
http {
##文件扩展名与文件类型映射表
include mime.types;
##默认文件类型
default_type application/octet-stream;
##日志格式设定
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
##访问日志位置
#access_log logs/access.log main;
##开启文件传输模式
sendfile on;
##减少网络报文段的数量
#tcp_nopush on;
##连接保持超时时间,单位是秒
#keepalive_timeout 0; #不开启长连接
keepalive_timeout 65;
##gzip模块设置,设置是否开启gzip压缩输出
#gzip on;
##Web 服务的监听配置
server {
##监听地址及端口
listen 80;
##站点域名,可以有多个,用空格隔开
server_name localhost;
##网页的默认字符集
charset utf-8;
##根目录配置
location / {
##网站根目录的位置/usr/local/nginx/html
root html;
##默认首页文件名
index index.html index.htm;
}
##内部错误的反馈页面
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
##错误页面配置
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
日志格式设定:
$remote_addr与$http_x_forwarded_for用以记录客户端的ip地址;
$remote_user:用来记录客户端用户名称;
$time_local:用来记录访问时间与时区;
$request:用来记录请求的url与http协议;
$status:用来记录请求状态;成功是200,
$body_bytes_sent:记录发送给客户端文件主体内容大小;
$http_referer:用来记录从哪个页面链接访问过来的;
$http_user_agent:记录客户浏览器的相关信息;
通常web服务器放在反向代理的后面,这样就不能获取到客户的p地址了,通过$remote_add拿到的Ip地是反向代理服务器的ip地址。
反向代理服务器在转发请求的http头信息中,可以增加x_forwarded_for信息,用以记录原有客户端的IP地址和原来客户端的请求的服务器地址。
location常见配置指令,root、alias、proxy_pass
root、alias不能同时配置
root(根路径配置):root /var/www/html 请求www.stevelu.com/test/1.html,会返回文件/var/www/html/test/1.html
alias(别名配置):alias /var/www/html 请求www.stevelu.com/test/1.html,会返回文件/var/www/html/1.html
proxy pass(反向代理配置)
```js
查看网页
root (根)
第一种情况
如果访问http://192.168.52.110/my/test/test.html 访问的路径为:/usr/local/nginx/html/my/test/test.html
第二种情况
如果访问http://192.168.52.110/my/test/test.html 访问的路径为:/usr/local/nginx/html/my/test/test.html
alias(别名)
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/html
[root@localhost html]# ls
[root@localhost html]# echo "this is var" > test.html
[root@localhost html]# ls
test.html
[root@localhost html]# cat test.html
this is var
[root@localhost html]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
------------------------------------------------------------------
location /test {
alias /var/www/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
[root@localhost html]# nginx -t #检查语法
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart nginx #重启服务
```js
访问状态统计配置
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V
cat /opt/nginx-1.12.0/auto/options I grep YES
#可查看nginx已安装的所有模块
[root@localhost ~]#cd /usr/local/nginx/conf
[root@localhost conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf fastcgi_params.default mime.types nginx.conf.default uwsgi_params
fastcgi.conf.default koi-utf mime.types.default scgi_params uwsgi_params.default
fastcgi_params koi-win nginx.conf scgi_params.default win-utf
[root@localhost conf]# cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak #备份配置文件 以防配置出错
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
......
http {
......
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
charset utf-8;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------
##添加 stub_status 配置##
location /status { #访问位置为/status
stub_status on; #打开状态统计功能
access_log off; #关闭此位置的日志记录
}
}
}
[root@localhost conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@localhost conf]# systemctl restart nginx
```js
重启服务,访问测试
浏览器访问 http://192.168.52.110/status
Active connections :表示当前的活动连接数;
server accepts handled requests :表示已经处理的连接信息,三个数字依次表示已处理的连接数、成功的TCP握手次数、 已处理的请求数。
```vim 1.sh
-------------------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash
con=`curl -Ls http://192.168.239.10/status | awk 'NR==1{print $3}'`
if [ $con -gt 20000 ]
then
echo "当前并发数量为 $con ,超过预警值"
fi
```js
基于授权的访问控制
1、生成用户密码认证文件
[root@localhost nginx]# pwd
/usr/local/nginx
[root@localhost nginx]# yum install httpd-tools -y
[root@localhost nginx]# htpasswd -c ./usrlist.txt my
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user my
[root@localhost nginx]# ls
client_body_temp conf fastcgi_temp html logs proxy_temp sbin scgi_temp usrlist.txt uwsgi_temp
[root@localhost nginx]# cat usrlist.txt
my:$apr1$S9xb3mEi$y/2OiJE58zFme0huBGJ6S/
[root@localhost nginx]# htpasswd ./usrlist.txt qyd
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user qyd
[root@localhost nginx]# cat usrlist.txt
my:$apr1$S9xb3mEi$y/2OiJE58zFme0huBGJ6S/
qyd:$apr1$wBueVUlF$NOd6jD46F.w.ulqxrE06M/
[root@localhost nginx]# ll
总用量 8
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 client_body_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 5月 10 21:53 conf
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 fastcgi_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 52 5月 10 20:47 html
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 58 5月 10 21:54 logs
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 proxy_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 19 5月 10 16:20 sbin
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 scgi_temp
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 83 5月 10 22:11 usrlist.txt
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 uwsgi_temp
[root@localhost nginx]# chown nginx usrlist.txt
[root@localhost nginx]# chmod 400 usrlist.txt
[root@localhost nginx]# ll
总用量 8
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 client_body_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 5月 10 21:53 conf
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 fastcgi_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 52 5月 10 20:47 html
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 58 5月 10 21:54 logs
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 proxy_temp
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 19 5月 10 16:20 sbin
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 scgi_temp
-r--------. 1 nginx root 83 5月 10 22:11 usrlist.txt
drwx------. 2 nginx root 6 5月 10 16:29 uwsgi_temp
```js
2、修改主配置文件相对应目录,添加认证配置项
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location /test {
alias /var/www/html;
index index.html index.htm;
auth_basic "Hello everyone";
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/usrlist.txt;
}
```js
3、重启服务,访问测试
nginx -t systemctl restart nginx 浏览器访问
基于客户端的访问控制
Nginx 基于客户端的访问控制规则如下:
- deny IP/IP 段:拒绝某个IP或I 段的客户端访问。
- allow IP/IP 段:允许某个IP或IP段的客户端访问。
- 规则从上往下执行,如匹配则停止,不再往下匹配。
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location /test {
alias /var/www/html;
index index.html index.htm;
auth_basic "Hello everyone";
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/usrlist.txt;
deny 192.168.52.110;
}
```js
重启服务 ,访问测试
systemctl restart nginx
基于虚拟主机
虚拟主机有三种:基于域名、基于IP、基于端口
1、为虚拟主机提供域名解析
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/hosts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.52.110 www.my.com www.qyd.com
2、为虚拟主机准备网页文档
[root@localhost html]# ls
test.html
[root@localhost html]# mkdir my qyd
[root@localhost html]# ls
my qyd test.html
[root@localhost html]# echo "this is my test web" > my/index.html
[root@localhost html]# echo "this is qyd test web" > qyd/index.html
```js
3、修改Nginx配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
[root@localhost conf]# ls
fastcgi.conf fastcgi_params.default mime.types nginx.conf.bak scgi_params.default win-utf
fastcgi.conf.default koi-utf mime.types.default nginx.conf.default uwsgi_params
fastcgi_params koi-win nginx.conf scgi_params uwsgi_params.default
[root@localhost conf]# cp nginx.conf.default nginx.conf #还原默认的配置文件
cp:是否覆盖"nginx.conf"? y
----------------------------------------------------------------
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.my.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/my.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/my;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.qyd.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/qyd.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qyd;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
```js
重启服务 ,输入域名进行测试
[root@localhost conf]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@localhost conf]# systemctl restart nginx
```js
基于IP的Nginx虚拟主机
1、设置虚拟IP
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.52.110 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.52.255
inet6 fe80::d6fa:c8c:b90d:12db prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:e6:f0:79 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 85179 bytes 76908377 (73.3 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 38826 bytes 9886685 (9.4 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.52.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.52.255
ether 00:0c:29:e6:f0:79 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
```js
2、编辑配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
--------------------------------------------------------------
server {
listen 192.168.52.110:80;
server_name www.my.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/my.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/my;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
server {
listen 192.168.52.11:80;
server_name www.qyd.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/qyd.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qyd;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
```js
3、重启并测试
基于端口的Nginx虚拟主机
1、修改配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
---------------------------------------------------------------
server {
listen 192.168.52.110:330;
server_name www.my.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/my.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/my;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
server {
listen 192.168.52.110:30;
server_name www.qyd.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log logs/qyd.com.access.log;
location / {
root /var/www/html/qyd;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
```js
2、重启并测试