Go语言上手-基础语言

这是我参与「第三届青训营 -后端场」笔记创作活动的的第1篇笔记。

Go语言的特点

高性能、高并发
语法简单、学习曲线平缓
丰富的标准库
完善的工具链
静态链接
快速编译
跨平台
垃圾回收

基础语法

Hello World

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    fmt.Println("hello world")
}

main包是程序的入口。

go run执行程序。

go build编译程序。

fmt包用来输入输出格式化字符串。

变量

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "math"
)

func main() {

    var a = "initial"

    var b, c int = 1, 2

    var d = true

    var e float64

    f := float32(e)

    g := a + "foo"
    fmt.Println(a, b, c, d, e, f) // initial 1 2 true 0 0
    fmt.Println(g)                // initialapple

    const s string = "constant"
    const h = 500000000
    const i = 3e20 / h
    fmt.Println(s, h, i, math.Sin(h), math.Sin(i))
}

通过var或:=声明变量。

通过const声明常量。

字符串类型可以通过+进行字符串拼接。

字符串类型在Go语言里是基本类型。

if else

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

    if 7%2 == 0 {
        fmt.Println("7 is even")
    } else {
        fmt.Println("7 is odd")
    }

    if 8%4 == 0 {
        fmt.Println("8 is divisible by 4")
    }

    if num := 9; num < 0 {
        fmt.Println(num, "is negative")
    } else if num < 10 {
        fmt.Println(num, "has 1 digit")
    } else {
        fmt.Println(num, "has multiple digits")
    }
}

Go语言的if没有括号。

if行末必须有{ ，不允许{单独起一行。

循环

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

    i := 1
    for {
        fmt.Println("loop")
        break
    }
    for j := 7; j < 9; j++ {
        fmt.Println(j)
    }

    for n := 0; n < 5; n++ {
        if n%2 == 0 {
            continue
        }
        fmt.Println(n)
    }
    for i <= 3 {
        fmt.Println(i)
        i = i + 1
    }
}

for不写条件就是死循环。

for语法与Java相同，但是没有括号。

Go语言只有for循环。

switch

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func main() {

    a := 2
    switch a {
    case 1:
        fmt.Println("one")
    case 2:
        fmt.Println("two")
    case 3:
        fmt.Println("three")
    case 4, 5:
        fmt.Println("four or five")
    default:
        fmt.Println("other")
    }

    t := time.Now()
    switch {
    case t.Hour() < 12:
        fmt.Println("It's before noon")
    default:
        fmt.Println("It's after noon")
    }
}

switch不需要加括号。

switch语句的case末尾默认加break。

swtich后不加变量，case上写条件分支，效果等同于if else。

数组

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

    var a [5]int
    a[4] = 100
    fmt.Println("get:", a[2])
    fmt.Println("len:", len(a))

    b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    fmt.Println(b)

    var twoD [2][3]int
    for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
        for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
            twoD[i][j] = i + j
        }
    }
    fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}

数组的长度是固定的。

切片

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {

    s := make([]string, 3)
    s[0] = "a"
    s[1] = "b"
    s[2] = "c"
    fmt.Println("get:", s[2])   // c
    fmt.Println("len:", len(s)) // 3

    s = append(s, "d")
    s = append(s, "e", "f")
    fmt.Println(s) // [a b c d e f]

    c := make([]string, len(s))
    copy(c, s)
    fmt.Println(c) // [a b c d e f]

    fmt.Println(s[2:5]) // [c d e]
    fmt.Println(s[:5])  // [a b c d e]
    fmt.Println(s[2:])  // [c d e f]

    good := []string{"g", "o", "o", "d"}
    fmt.Println(good) // [g o o d]
}

make创建切片，可以指定长度。

切片是可变长度的数组。

append追加元素，由于可能容量不够扩容，返回一个新的切片，所以append后必须接受返回值，赋值给变量。

copy拷贝切片。

[leftIndex:rightIndex]左闭右开的切片操作。

map

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    m := make(map[string]int)
    m["one"] = 1
    m["two"] = 2
    fmt.Println(m)           // map[one:1 two:2]
    fmt.Println(len(m))      // 2
    fmt.Println(m["one"])    // 1
    fmt.Println(m["unknow"]) // 0

    r, ok := m["unknow"]
    fmt.Println(r, ok) // 0 false

    delete(m, "one")

    m2 := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
    var m3 = map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
    fmt.Println(m2, m3)
}

make创建空map。

delete删除键值对。

双赋值操作接收map键值对是否存在。

range

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    nums := []int{2, 3, 4}
    sum := 0
    for i, num := range nums {
        sum += num
        if num == 2 {
            fmt.Println("index:", i, "num:", num) // index: 0 num: 2
        }
    }
    fmt.Println(sum) // 9

    m := map[string]string{"a": "A", "b": "B"}
    for k, v := range m {
        fmt.Println(k, v) // b 8; a A
    }
    for k := range m {
        fmt.Println("key", k) // key a; key b
    }
}

range遍历数组返回两个值，第一个值是索引，第二个值是元素。

range遍历map返回两个值，第一个值是key，第二个值是value。

函数

package main

import "fmt"

func add(a int, b int) int {
    return a + b
}

func add2(a, b int) int {
    return a + b
}

func exists(m map[string]string, k string) (v string, ok bool) {
    v, ok = m[k]
    return v, ok
}

func main() {
    res := add(1, 2)
    fmt.Println(res) // 3

    v, ok := exists(map[string]string{"a": "A"}, "a")
    fmt.Println(v, ok) // A True
}

业务中函数一般都会返回两个值，第一个值是真正的返回值，第二个值是错误信息。

指针

package main

import "fmt"

func add2(n int) {
	n += 2
}

func add2ptr(n *int) {
	*n += 2
}

func main() {
	n := 5
	add2(n)
	fmt.Println(n) // 5
	add2ptr(&n)
	fmt.Println(n) // 7
}

Go语言中只有值传递。

直接传入值，函数接收到的是值的拷贝，无法改变原有值。

&取地址，*访问值。

结构体

package main

import "fmt"

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

func main() {
	a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
	b := user{"wang", "1024"}
	c := user{name: "wang"}
	c.password = "1024"
	var d user
	d.name = "wang"
	d.password = "1024"

	fmt.Println(a, b, c, d)                 // {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024}
	fmt.Println(checkPassword(a, "haha"))   // false
	fmt.Println(checkPassword2(&a, "haha")) // false
}

func checkPassword(u user, password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

func checkPassword2(u *user, password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

结构体不初始化里面的元素为零值。

结构体方法

package main

import "fmt"

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

func (u user) checkPassword(password string) bool {
	return u.password == password
}

func (u *user) resetPassword(password string) {
	u.password = password
}

func main() {
	a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
	a.resetPassword("2048")
	fmt.Println(a.checkPassword("2048")) // true
}

有接收者的函数是方法。

错误处理

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
)

type user struct {
	name     string
	password string
}

func findUser(users []user, name string) (v *user, err error) {
	for _, u := range users {
		if u.name == name {
			return &u, nil
		}
	}
	return nil, errors.New("not found")
}

func main() {
	u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "wang")
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		return
	}
	fmt.Println(u.name) // wang

	if u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "li"); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err) // not found
		return
	} else {
		fmt.Println(u.name)
	}
}

erros.New()创建错误。

会返回错误的函数一定要检查。

字符串操作

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
)

func main() {
    a := "hello"
    fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, "ll"))                // true
    fmt.Println(strings.Count(a, "l"))                    // 2
    fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix(a, "he"))               // true
    fmt.Println(strings.HasSuffix(a, "llo"))              // true
    fmt.Println(strings.Index(a, "ll"))                   // 2
    fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{"he", "llo"}, "-")) // he-llo
    fmt.Println(strings.Repeat(a, 2))                     // hellohello
    fmt.Println(strings.Replace(a, "e", "E", -1))         // hEllo
    fmt.Println(strings.Split("a-b-c", "-"))              // [a b c]
    fmt.Println(strings.ToLower(a))                       // hello
    fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(a))                       // HELLO
    fmt.Println(len(a))                                   // 5
    b := "你好"
    fmt.Println(len(b)) // 6
}

strings包里有各种字符串操作函数。

字符串格式化

package main

import "fmt"

type point struct {
    x, y int
}

func main() {
    s := "hello"
    n := 123
    p := point{1, 2}
    fmt.Println(s, n) // hello 123
    fmt.Println(p)    // {1 2}

    fmt.Printf("s=%v\n", s)  // s=hello
    fmt.Printf("n=%v\n", n)  // n=123
    fmt.Printf("p=%v\n", p)  // p={1 2}
    fmt.Printf("p=%+v\n", p) // p={x:1 y:2}
    fmt.Printf("p=%#v\n", p) // p=main.point{x:1, y:2}

    f := 3.141592653
    fmt.Println(f)          // 3.141592653
    fmt.Printf("%.2f\n", f) // 3.14
}

Printf中%v代表任意变量。

%+v可以得到更加详细的结果。

%#v更更详细。

%.nf中n是数字，代表保留几位的浮点数。

JSON处理

package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
)

type userInfo struct {
    Name  string
    Age   int `json:"age"`
    Hobby []string
}

func main() {
    a := userInfo{Name: "wang", Age: 18, Hobby: []string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
    buf, err := json.Marshal(a)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(buf)         // [123 34 78 97...]
    fmt.Println(string(buf)) // {"Name":"wang","age":18,"Hobby":["Golang","TypeScript"]}

    buf, err = json.MarshalIndent(a, "", "\t")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(string(buf))

    var b userInfo
    err = json.Unmarshal(buf, &b)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n", b) // main.userInfo{Name:"wang", Age:18, Hobby:[]string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
}

encoding/json包处理JSON。

Marshal序列化为JSON。

UnmarshalJSON反序列化为结构体。

时间处理

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    now := time.Now()
    fmt.Println(now) // 2022-03-27 18:04:59.433297 +0800 CST m=+0.000087933
    t := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 1, 25, 36, 0, time.UTC)
    t2 := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 2, 30, 36, 0, time.UTC)
    fmt.Println(t)                                                  // 2022-03-27 01:25:36 +0000 UTC
    fmt.Println(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), t.Minute()) // 2022 March 27 1 25
    fmt.Println(t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"))                    // 2022-03-27 01:25:36
    diff := t2.Sub(t)
    fmt.Println(diff)                           // 1h5m0s
    fmt.Println(diff.Minutes(), diff.Seconds()) // 65 3900
    t3, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", "2022-03-27 01:25:36")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(t3 == t)    // true
    fmt.Println(now.Unix()) // 1648738080
}

time包包含时间操作。

Now()获取当前时间。

Sub()获取时间差值。

Format格式化输出，格式串为"2006-01-02 15:04:05"。

Unix()获取时间戳。

数字解析

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
)

func main() {
	f, _ := strconv.ParseFloat("1.234", 64)
	fmt.Println(f) // 1.234

	n, _ := strconv.ParseInt("111", 10, 64)
	fmt.Println(n) // 111

	n, _ = strconv.ParseInt("0x1000", 0, 64)
	fmt.Println(n) // 4096

	n2, _ := strconv.Atoi("123")
	fmt.Println(n2) // 123

	n2, err := strconv.Atoi("AAA")
	fmt.Println(n2, err) // 0 strconv.Atoi: parsing "AAA": invalid syntax
}

strconv包包含数字解析函数。

ParseInt()第一个参数是字符串，第二个参数是进制（0为自动推测），第三个参数是返回值大小（多少位）。

Atoi()便捷字符串转数字。

进程信息

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
)

func main() {
	// go run example/20-env/main.go a b c d
	fmt.Println(os.Args)           // [/var/folders/8p/n34xxfnx38dg8bv_x8l62t_m0000gn/T/go-build3406981276/b001/exe/main a b c d]
	fmt.Println(os.Getenv("PATH")) // /usr/local/go/bin...
	fmt.Println(os.Setenv("AA", "BB"))

	buf, err := exec.Command("grep", "127.0.0.1", "/etc/hosts").CombinedOutput()
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(string(buf)) // 127.0.0.1       localhost
}

Args参数。

Getenv()获取环境变量。

Setenv()设置环境变量。

Command()执行命令。

猜谜游戏

v1

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)
}

math/rand包包含随机数操作。

rand.Intn()生成随机数。

没有加种子，生成的随机数是一直是同一个。

v2

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)
}

rand.Seed()添加随机数种子，一般使用当前时间。

v3

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	maxNum := 100
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
	secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
	fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

	fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
	input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
		return
	}
	input = strings.TrimSuffix(input, "\r\n")

	guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
		return
	}
	fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
}

bufio.NewReader()创建读取流，ReadingString()截断流。

strings.TrimSuffix()去除后缀。

注意：Windows系统中回车是\r\n。

v4

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "math/rand"
    "os"
    "strconv"
    "strings"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    maxNum := 100
    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
    secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
    fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

    fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
    reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
    input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
        return
    }
    input = strings.TrimSuffix(input, "\r\n")

    guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
        return
    }
    fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
    if guess > secretNumber {
        fmt.Println("Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again")
    } else if guess < secretNumber {
        fmt.Println("Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again")
    } else {
        fmt.Println("Correct, you Legend!")
    }
}

v5

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "math/rand"
    "os"
    "strconv"
    "strings"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    maxNum := 100
    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
    secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
    // fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)

    fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
    reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
    for {
        input, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println("An error occured while reading input. Please try again", err)
            continue
        }
        input = strings.TrimSuffix(input, "\r\n")

        guess, err := strconv.Atoi(input)
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
            continue
        }
        fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
        if guess > secretNumber {
            fmt.Println("Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again")
        } else if guess < secretNumber {
            fmt.Println("Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again")
        } else {
            fmt.Println("Correct, you Legend!")
            break
        }
    }
}

在线词典

v1

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "io/ioutil"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "strings"
)

func main() {
    client := &http.Client{}
    var data = strings.NewReader(`{"trans_type":"en2zh","source":"good"}`)
    req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
    req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
    req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
    req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
    req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
    req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
    req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
    req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
    req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
    req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
    req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
    req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
    req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
    req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
    req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
    resp, err := client.Do(req)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()
    bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

通过curl转换为代码。

http.NewRequest()创建请求，参数分别为请求方法、URL、参数流。

Header.Set()设置请求头。

Do()发起请求。

defer来在函数结束后关闭流。

ioutil.readAll()读取流。

v2

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: "good"}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
	req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

v3

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

type DictRequest struct {
	TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
	Source    string `json:"source"`
	UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

type DictResponse struct {
	Rc   int `json:"rc"`
	Wiki struct {
		KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
		Description     struct {
			Source string      `json:"source"`
			Target interface{} `json:"target"`
		} `json:"description"`
		ID   string `json:"id"`
		Item struct {
			Source string `json:"source"`
			Target string `json:"target"`
		} `json:"item"`
		ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
		IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
		Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
	} `json:"wiki"`
	Dictionary struct {
		Prons struct {
			EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
			En   string `json:"en"`
		} `json:"prons"`
		Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
		Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
		Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
		WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
		Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
		Type         string        `json:"type"`
		Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
		Source       string        `json:"source"`
	} `json:"dictionary"`
}

func main() {
	client := &http.Client{}
	request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: "good"}
	buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
	req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
	req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
	req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
	req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
	req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
	req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
	req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
	req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
	req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
	req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
	req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
	req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	var dictResponse DictResponse
	err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Printf("%#v\n", dictResponse)
}

通过JSON转换为Go结构体。

v4

package main

import (
    "bytes"
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "io/ioutil"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "os"
)

type DictRequest struct {
    TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
    Source    string `json:"source"`
    UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}

type DictResponse struct {
    Rc   int `json:"rc"`
    Wiki struct {
        KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
        Description     struct {
            Source string      `json:"source"`
            Target interface{} `json:"target"`
        } `json:"description"`
        ID   string `json:"id"`
        Item struct {
            Source string `json:"source"`
            Target string `json:"target"`
        } `json:"item"`
        ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
        IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
        Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
    } `json:"wiki"`
    Dictionary struct {
        Prons struct {
            EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
            En   string `json:"en"`
        } `json:"prons"`
        Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
        Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
        Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
        WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
        Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
        Type         string        `json:"type"`
        Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
        Source       string        `json:"source"`
    } `json:"dictionary"`
}

func query(word string) {
    client := &http.Client{}
    request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: word}
    buf, err := json.Marshal(request)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    var data = bytes.NewReader(buf)
    req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
    req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
    req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
    req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
    req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
    req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
    req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
    req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
    req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
    req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
    req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
    req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
    req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
    req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
    req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
    resp, err := client.Do(req)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()
    bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
        log.Fatal("bad StatusCode:", resp.StatusCode, "body", string(bodyText))
    }
    var dictResponse DictResponse
    err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(word, "UK:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.En, "US:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.EnUs)
    for _, item := range dictResponse.Dictionary.Explanations {
        fmt.Println(item)
    }
}

func main() {
    if len(os.Args) != 2 {
        fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `usage: simpleDict WORD
example: simpleDict hello
        `)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
    word := os.Args[1]
    query(word)
}

Socks5代理

原理

v1

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"log"
	"net"
)

func main() {
	server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	for {
		client, err := server.Accept()
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
			continue
		}
		go process(client)
	}
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
	defer conn.Close()
	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
	for {
		b, err := reader.ReadByte()
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		_, err = conn.Write([]byte{b})
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
	}
}

net.Listen()监听端口。

Accept()接收请求。

go启动一个goroutine。

v2

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
    server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    for {
        client, err := server.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
            continue
        }
        go process(client)
    }
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
    defer conn.Close()
    reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
    err := auth(reader, conn)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
        return
    }
    log.Println("auth success")
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
    // NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
    // METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
    // X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
    // X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

    ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
    }
    if ver != socks5Ver {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
    }
    methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
    }
    method := make([]byte, methodSize)
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
    }
    log.Println("ver", ver, "method", method)
    // +----+--------+
    // |VER | METHOD |
    // +----+--------+
    // | 1  |   1    |
    // +----+--------+
    _, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
    }
    return nil
}

v3

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "encoding/binary"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
    server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    for {
        client, err := server.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
            continue
        }
        go process(client)
    }
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
    defer conn.Close()
    reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
    err := auth(reader, conn)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
        return
    }
    err = connect(reader, conn)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
        return
    }
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
    // NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
    // METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
    // X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
    // X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

    ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
    }
    if ver != socks5Ver {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
    }
    methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
    }
    method := make([]byte, methodSize)
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
    }

    // +----+--------+
    // |VER | METHOD |
    // +----+--------+
    // | 1  |   1    |
    // +----+--------+
    _, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
    }
    return nil
}

func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // |VER | CMD |  RSV  | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // VER 版本号，socks5的值为0x05
    // CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求
    // RSV 保留字段，值为0x00
    // ATYP 目标地址类型，DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。
    //   0x01表示IPv4地址，DST.ADDR为4个字节
    //   0x03表示域名，DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名
    // DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值
    // DST.PORT 目标端口，固定2个字节

    buf := make([]byte, 4)
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read header failed:%w", err)
    }
    ver, cmd, atyp := buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]
    if ver != socks5Ver {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
    }
    if cmd != cmdBind {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported cmd:%v", ver)
    }
    addr := ""
    switch atyp {
    case atypIPV4:
        _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read atyp failed:%w", err)
        }
        addr = fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])
    case atypeHOST:
        hostSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read hostSize failed:%w", err)
        }
        host := make([]byte, hostSize)
        _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, host)
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read host failed:%w", err)
        }
        addr = string(host)
    case atypeIPV6:
        return errors.New("IPv6: no supported yet")
    default:
        return errors.New("invalid atyp")
    }
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read port failed:%w", err)
    }
    port := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])

    log.Println("dial", addr, port)

    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // |VER | REP |  RSV  | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // VER socks版本，这里为0x05
    // REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded
    // RSV 保留字段
    // ATYPE 地址类型
    // BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址
    // BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT
    _, err = conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("write failed: %w", err)
    }
    return nil
}

v4

package main

import (
    "bufio"
    "context"
    "encoding/binary"
    "errors"
    "fmt"
    "io"
    "log"
    "net"
)

const socks5Ver = 0x05
const cmdBind = 0x01
const atypIPV4 = 0x01
const atypeHOST = 0x03
const atypeIPV6 = 0x04

func main() {
    server, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:1080")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    for {
        client, err := server.Accept()
        if err != nil {
            log.Printf("Accept failed %v", err)
            continue
        }
        go process(client)
    }
}

func process(conn net.Conn) {
    defer conn.Close()
    reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
    err := auth(reader, conn)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
        return
    }
    err = connect(reader, conn)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("client %v auth failed:%v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
        return
    }
}

func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS  |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |    1     | 1 to 255 |
    // +----+----------+----------+
    // VER: 协议版本，socks5为0x05
    // NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量
    // METHODS: 对应NMETHODS，NMETHODS的值为多少，METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义，内容如下:
    // X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED
    // X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORD

    ver, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read ver failed:%w", err)
    }
    if ver != socks5Ver {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
    }
    methodSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read methodSize failed:%w", err)
    }
    method := make([]byte, methodSize)
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, method)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read method failed:%w", err)
    }

    // +----+--------+
    // |VER | METHOD |
    // +----+--------+
    // | 1  |   1    |
    // +----+--------+
    _, err = conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("write failed:%w", err)
    }
    return nil
}

func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // |VER | CMD |  RSV  | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // VER 版本号，socks5的值为0x05
    // CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求
    // RSV 保留字段，值为0x00
    // ATYP 目标地址类型，DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。
    //   0x01表示IPv4地址，DST.ADDR为4个字节
    //   0x03表示域名，DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名
    // DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值
    // DST.PORT 目标端口，固定2个字节

    buf := make([]byte, 4)
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read header failed:%w", err)
    }
    ver, cmd, atyp := buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]
    if ver != socks5Ver {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported ver:%v", ver)
    }
    if cmd != cmdBind {
        return fmt.Errorf("not supported cmd:%v", ver)
    }
    addr := ""
    switch atyp {
    case atypIPV4:
        _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read atyp failed:%w", err)
        }
        addr = fmt.Sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])
    case atypeHOST:
        hostSize, err := reader.ReadByte()
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read hostSize failed:%w", err)
        }
        host := make([]byte, hostSize)
        _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, host)
        if err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("read host failed:%w", err)
        }
        addr = string(host)
    case atypeIPV6:
        return errors.New("IPv6: no supported yet")
    default:
        return errors.New("invalid atyp")
    }
    _, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("read port failed:%w", err)
    }
    port := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])

    dest, err := net.Dial("tcp", fmt.Sprintf("%v:%v", addr, port))
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("dial dst failed:%w", err)
    }
    defer dest.Close()
    log.Println("dial", addr, port)

    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // |VER | REP |  RSV  | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // | 1  |  1  | X'00' |  1   | Variable |    2     |
    // +----+-----+-------+------+----------+----------+
    // VER socks版本，这里为0x05
    // REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded
    // RSV 保留字段
    // ATYPE 地址类型
    // BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址
    // BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT
    _, err = conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("write failed: %w", err)
    }
    ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
    defer cancel()

    go func() {
        _, _ = io.Copy(dest, reader)
        cancel()
    }()
    go func() {
        _, _ = io.Copy(conn, dest)
        cancel()
    }()

    <-ctx.Done()
    return nil
}

net.Dial()建立连接。

io.Copy()转发。

context.WithCancel()保证任意方向转发失败才关闭连接。

Go语言上手-基础语言 | 青训营笔记