这是我参与这是我参与「第三届青训营 -后端场」笔记创作活动的的第1篇笔记

Go语言入门

1.hello Word

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
)
​
func main() {
    fmt.Printf("hello world")
}
​

2.变量

go语言是强类型语言

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "math"
)
​
func main() {
​
    var a = "initial"
​
    var b, c int = 1, 2
​
    var d = true
​
    var e float64
​
    f := float32(e)
​
    g := a + "foo"
    fmt.Println(a, b, c, d, e, f) // initial 1 2 true 0 0
    fmt.Println(g)                // initialapple
​
    const s string = "constant"
    const h = 500000000
    const i = 3e20 / h
    fmt.Println(s, h, i, math.Sin(h), math.Sin(i))
}
​

3.循环

go只有一种for循环

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
​
    i := 1
    for {
        fmt.Println("loop")
        break
    }
    for j := 7; j < 9; j++ {
        fmt.Println(j)
    }
​
    for n := 0; n < 5; n++ {
        if n%2 == 0 {
            continue
        }
        fmt.Println(n)
    }
    for i <= 3 {
        fmt.Println(i)
        i = i + 1
    }
}
​

4.分支

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
​
    if 7%2 == 0 {  //括号不用写,分支语句比逊写在大括号内部
        fmt.Println("7 is even")
    } else {
        fmt.Println("7 is odd")
    }
​
    if 8%4 == 0 {
        fmt.Println("8 is divisible by 4")
    }
​
    if num := 9; num < 0 {
        fmt.Println(num, "is negative")
    } else if num < 10 {
        fmt.Println(num, "has 1 digit")
    } else {
        fmt.Println(num, "has multiple digits")
    }
}
​

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
​
func main() {
​
    a := 2
    switch a {
    case 1:
        fmt.Println("one")  //不用写break,会自动跳出
    case 2:
        fmt.Println("two")
    case 3:
        fmt.Println("three")
    case 4, 5:
        fmt.Println("four or five")
    default:
        fmt.Println("other")
    }
​
    t := time.Now()
    switch {
    case t.Hour() < 12:
        fmt.Println("It's before noon")//这种写法可以避免多个if-else判断
    default:
        fmt.Println("It's after noon")
    }
}
​

5数组

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
​
    var a [5]int
    a[4] = 100
    fmt.Println("get:", a[2])
    fmt.Println("len:", len(a))
​
    b := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    fmt.Println(b)
​
    var twoD [2][3]int
    for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
        for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
            twoD[i][j] = i + j
        }
    }
    fmt.Println("2d: ", twoD)
}
​

6.slice

类似于动态数组,会自动扩容

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
​
    s := make([]string, 3)
    s[0] = "a"
    s[1] = "b"
    s[2] = "c"
    fmt.Println("get:", s[2])   // c
    fmt.Println("len:", len(s)) // 3
​
    s = append(s, "d")
    s = append(s, "e", "f")
    fmt.Println(s) // [a b c d e f]
​
    c := make([]string, len(s))
    copy(c, s)
    fmt.Println(c) // [a b c d e f]
​
    fmt.Println(s[2:5]) // [c d e]
    fmt.Println(s[:5])  // [a b c d e]
    fmt.Println(s[2:])  // [c d e f]
​
    good := []string{"g", "o", "o", "d"}
    fmt.Println(good) // [g o o d]
}
​

7.map

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
    m := make(map[string]int)//键值对的存储方式
    m["one"] = 1
    m["two"] = 2
    fmt.Println(m)           // map[one:1 two:2]
    fmt.Println(len(m))      // 2
    fmt.Println(m["one"])    // 1
    fmt.Println(m["unknow"]) // 0
​
    r, ok := m["unknow"]
    fmt.Println(r, ok) // 0 false
​
    delete(m, "one")
​
    m2 := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
    var m3 = map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2}
    fmt.Println(m2, m3)
}
​

8.range

用来遍历数组或者map

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func main() {
    nums := []int{2, 3, 4}
    sum := 0
    for i, num := range nums {
        sum += num
        if num == 2 {
            fmt.Println("index:", i, "num:", num) // index: 0 num: 2
        }
    }
    fmt.Println(sum) // 9
​
    m := map[string]string{"a": "A", "b": "B"}
    for k, v := range m {
        fmt.Println(k, v) // b 8; a A
    }
    for k := range m {
        fmt.Println("key", k) // key a; key b
    }
}
​

9.函数

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func add(a int, b int) int {
    return a + b
}
​
func add2(a, b int) int {
    return a + b
}
​
func exists(m map[string]string, k string) (v string, ok bool) {
    v, ok = m[k]
    return v, ok
}//可以有多个返回值,一般多的返回错误信息
​
func main() {
    res := add(1, 2)
    fmt.Println(res) // 3
​
    v, ok := exists(map[string]string{"a": "A"}, "a")
    fmt.Println(v, ok) // A True
}
​

10.指针

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
func add2(n int) {
    n += 2
}
​
func add2ptr(n *int) {
    *n += 2
}
​
func main() {
    n := 5
    add2(n)
    fmt.Println(n) // 5
    add2ptr(&n)
    fmt.Println(n) // 7
}
​

11.结构体

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
type user struct {
    name     string
    password string
}
​
func main() {
    a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
    b := user{"wang", "1024"}
    c := user{name: "wang"}
    c.password = "1024"
    var d user
    d.name = "wang"
    d.password = "1024"
​
    fmt.Println(a, b, c, d)                 // {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024}
    fmt.Println(checkPassword(a, "haha"))   // false
    fmt.Println(checkPassword2(&a, "haha")) // false
}
​
func checkPassword(u user, password string) bool {
    return u.password == password
}
​
func checkPassword2(u *user, password string) bool {
    return u.password == password
}
​

12.结构体方法

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
type user struct {
    name     string
    password string
}
​
func (u user) checkPassword(password string) bool {
    return u.password == password
}
​
func (u *user) resetPassword(password string) {
    u.password = password
}
​
func main() {
    a := user{name: "wang", password: "1024"}
    a.resetPassword("2048")
    fmt.Println(a.checkPassword("2048")) // true
}
​

13error

package main
​
import (
    "errors"
    "fmt"
)
​
type user struct {
    name     string
    password string
}
​
func findUser(users []user, name string) (v *user, err error) {
    for _, u := range users {
        if u.name == name {
            return &u, nil
        }
    }
    return nil, errors.New("not found")
}
​
func main() {
    u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "wang")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    fmt.Println(u.name) // wang
​
    if u, err := findUser([]user{{"wang", "1024"}}, "li"); err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err) // not found
        return
    } else {
        fmt.Println(u.name)
    }
}
​

14string

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "strings"
)
​
func main() {
    a := "hello"
    fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, "ll"))                // true
    fmt.Println(strings.Count(a, "l"))                    // 2
    fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix(a, "he"))               // true
    fmt.Println(strings.HasSuffix(a, "llo"))              // true
    fmt.Println(strings.Index(a, "ll"))                   // 2
    fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{"he", "llo"}, "-")) // he-llo
    fmt.Println(strings.Repeat(a, 2))                     // hellohello
    fmt.Println(strings.Replace(a, "e", "E", -1))         // hEllo
    fmt.Println(strings.Split("a-b-c", "-"))              // [a b c]
    fmt.Println(strings.ToLower(a))                       // hello
    fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(a))                       // HELLO
    fmt.Println(len(a))                                   // 5
    b := "你好"
    fmt.Println(len(b)) // 6
}
​

15.fmt

package main
​
import "fmt"
​
type point struct {
    x, y int
}
​
func main() {
    s := "hello"
    n := 123
    p := point{1, 2}
    fmt.Println(s, n) // hello 123
    fmt.Println(p)    // {1 2}
​
    fmt.Printf("s=%v\n", s)  // s=hello
    fmt.Printf("n=%v\n", n)  // n=123
    fmt.Printf("p=%v\n", p)  // p={1 2}
    fmt.Printf("p=%+v\n", p) // p={x:1 y:2}
    fmt.Printf("p=%#v\n", p) // p=main.point{x:1, y:2}
​
    f := 3.141592653
    fmt.Println(f)          // 3.141592653
    fmt.Printf("%.2f\n", f) // 3.14
}
​

16json

package main
​
import (
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
)
​
type userInfo struct {
    Name  string
    Age   int `json:"age"`
    Hobby []string
}
​
func main() {
    a := userInfo{Name: "wang", Age: 18, Hobby: []string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
    buf, err := json.Marshal(a)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(buf)         // [123 34 78 97...]
    fmt.Println(string(buf)) // {"Name":"wang","age":18,"Hobby":["Golang","TypeScript"]}
​
    buf, err = json.MarshalIndent(a, "", "\t")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(string(buf))
​
    var b userInfo
    err = json.Unmarshal(buf, &b)
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n", b) // main.userInfo{Name:"wang", Age:18, Hobby:[]string{"Golang", "TypeScript"}}
}
​

17time

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
​
func main() {
    now := time.Now()
    fmt.Println(now) // 2022-03-27 18:04:59.433297 +0800 CST m=+0.000087933
    t := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 1, 25, 36, 0, time.UTC)
    t2 := time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 2, 30, 36, 0, time.UTC)
    fmt.Println(t)                                                  // 2022-03-27 01:25:36 +0000 UTC
    fmt.Println(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), t.Minute()) // 2022 March 27 1 25
    fmt.Println(t.Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"))                    // 2022-03-27 01:25:36
    diff := t2.Sub(t)
    fmt.Println(diff)                           // 1h5m0s
    fmt.Println(diff.Minutes(), diff.Seconds()) // 65 3900
    t3, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", "2022-03-27 01:25:36")
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(t3 == t)    // true
    fmt.Println(now.Unix()) // 1648738080
}
​

18strconv

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "strconv"
)
​
func main() {
    f, _ := strconv.ParseFloat("1.234", 64)
    fmt.Println(f) // 1.234
​
    n, _ := strconv.ParseInt("111", 10, 64)
    fmt.Println(n) // 111
​
    n, _ = strconv.ParseInt("0x1000", 0, 64)
    fmt.Println(n) // 4096
​
    n2, _ := strconv.Atoi("123")
    fmt.Println(n2) // 123
​
    n2, err := strconv.Atoi("AAA")
    fmt.Println(n2, err) // 0 strconv.Atoi: parsing "AAA": invalid syntax
}
​

19env

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "os"
    "os/exec"
)
​
func main() {
    // go run example/20-env/main.go a b c d
    fmt.Println(os.Args)           // [/var/folders/8p/n34xxfnx38dg8bv_x8l62t_m0000gn/T/go-build3406981276/b001/exe/main a b c d]
    fmt.Println(os.Getenv("PATH")) // /usr/local/go/bin...
    fmt.Println(os.Setenv("AA", "BB"))
​
    buf, err := exec.Command("grep", "127.0.0.1", "/etc/hosts").CombinedOutput()
    if err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(string(buf)) // 127.0.0.1       localhost
}
​

实战小项目

1,猜数字

很简单

package main
​
import (
    "fmt"
    "math/rand"
    "time"
)
​
func main() {
    maxNum := 100
    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
    secretNumber := rand.Intn(maxNum)
    // fmt.Println("The secret number is ", secretNumber)
​
    fmt.Println("Please input your guess")
    for {
        var guess int
        _, err := fmt.Scanf("%d", &guess)
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println("Invalid input. Please enter an integer value")
            continue
        }
        fmt.Println("You guess is", guess)
        if guess > secretNumber {
            fmt.Println("Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again")
        } else if guess < secretNumber {
            fmt.Println("Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again")
        } else {
            fmt.Println("Correct, you Legend!")
            break
        }
    }
}
​

2,命令行词典

package main
​
import (
    "bytes"
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "io/ioutil"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "os"
)
​
type DictRequest struct {       //请求的结构体
    TransType string `json:"trans_type"`
    Source    string `json:"source"`
    UserID    string `json:"user_id"`
}
​
type DictResponse struct {   //从浏览器抓取响应结果,用https://oktools.net/json2go工具吧json字符                             //串转成go结构体
    Rc   int `json:"rc"`
    Wiki struct {
        KnownInLaguages int `json:"known_in_laguages"`
        Description     struct {
            Source string      `json:"source"`
            Target interface{} `json:"target"`
        } `json:"description"`
        ID   string `json:"id"`
        Item struct {
            Source string `json:"source"`
            Target string `json:"target"`
        } `json:"item"`
        ImageURL  string `json:"image_url"`
        IsSubject string `json:"is_subject"`
        Sitelink  string `json:"sitelink"`
    } `json:"wiki"`
    Dictionary struct {
        Prons struct {
            EnUs string `json:"en-us"`
            En   string `json:"en"`
        } `json:"prons"`
        Explanations []string      `json:"explanations"`
        Synonym      []string      `json:"synonym"`
        Antonym      []string      `json:"antonym"`
        WqxExample   [][]string    `json:"wqx_example"`
        Entry        string        `json:"entry"`
        Type         string        `json:"type"`
        Related      []interface{} `json:"related"`
        Source       string        `json:"source"`
    } `json:"dictionary"`
}
​
func query(word string) {
    client := &http.Client{}
    request := DictRequest{TransType: "en2zh", Source: word}  //构造请求参数
    buf, err := json.Marshal(request)  //转json字符串
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    var data = bytes.NewReader(buf) 
    req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict", data)  //构造请求,请求方式,URL,请求参数
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    req.Header.Set("Connection", "keep-alive")  //封装请求头
    req.Header.Set("DNT", "1")
    req.Header.Set("os-version", "")
    req.Header.Set("sec-ch-ua-mobile", "?0")
    req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36")
    req.Header.Set("app-name", "xy")
    req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8")
    req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json, text/plain, */*")
    req.Header.Set("device-id", "")
    req.Header.Set("os-type", "web")
    req.Header.Set("X-Authorization", "token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi")
    req.Header.Set("Origin", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Site", "cross-site")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Mode", "cors")
    req.Header.Set("Sec-Fetch-Dest", "empty")
    req.Header.Set("Referer", "https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/")
    req.Header.Set("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9")
    req.Header.Set("Cookie", "_ym_uid=16456948721020430059; _ym_d=1645694872")
    //上面的是使用https://curlconverter.com/#go工具把请求封装成一个对象
    resp, err := client.Do(req)  //发起请求
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()
    bodyText, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)  //拿到响应实体
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    if resp.StatusCode != 200 {   //判断响应码
        log.Fatal("bad StatusCode:", resp.StatusCode, "body", string(bodyText))
    }
    var dictResponse DictResponse
    err = json.Unmarshal(bodyText, &dictResponse)  //把请求实体转成对象
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    fmt.Println(word, "UK:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.En, "US:", dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.EnUs)
    for _, item := range dictResponse.Dictionary.Explanations {
        fmt.Println(item)
    }  //解析请求实体,输出需要的内容
}
​
func main() {
    if len(os.Args) != 2 {
        fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, `usage: simpleDict WORD
example: simpleDict hello
        `)
        os.Exit(1)
    }
    word := os.Args[1]
    query(word)
}
​

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