类
ruby中使用到的一切数据类型(数值、字符串、对象、类)都是对象
def run
puts '-' * 30
end
//方法调用
run
self.send(:run)
//打印
puts self
puts self.class
=========输出结果==========
------------------------------
------------------------------
main
Object
类对象和父类
类似OC中类对象和元类的概念
数字也是一个对象
数值、字符串
# 数值类型
pp 1 + 3
pp 2 * 6
pp 1.class
#字符类型
#作为字符串单引号和双引号都一样，字符串表达式必须用双引号
str = 'xxx'
str1 = "xxx"
name = "hanghang"
def run
2
end
desc = "name is #{name} ,age is #{run}"
puts desc
#输出结果:
4
12
Integer
name is hanghang ,age is 2
%
str = "| %s | %s | %s | %s |" % [
"捷克VS葡萄牙",
"德国VS希腊",
"西班牙VS法国",
"英格兰VS意大利"
]
puts str
#输出结果:
捷克VS葡萄牙 | 德国VS希腊 | 西班牙VS法国 | 英格兰VS意大利
sprintf
a=10
b=20
str1 = sprintf('first=%d, second=%d', a, b)
str2 = sprintf('first=%{first}, second=%{second}', first: a, second: b)
puts str1
puts str2
#输出结果:
first=10, second=20
first=10, second=20
format
a=10
b=20
str = format('first=%{first} ,second=%{second}', first: a, second: b)
puts str
#输出结果:
first=10 ,second=20
here document
fat_cat = <<MY_HEREDOC
I'll do a list:
\t* Cat food
\t* Fishies
\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass
MY_HEREDOC
puts fat_cat
#输出结果:
I'll do a list:
* Cat food
* Fishies
* Catnip
* Grass
bool
除了 false 和 nil, 其他都表示 true
if 0
puts '-' * 20
end
#输出结果:
--------------------
any?, all?, one?, none?
puts [true,false,true,false].all? #都是true
puts [true,false,true,false].any? #一个以上true
puts [true,false,true,false].one? #一个true
puts [true,false,true,false].none? #没有true
#输出结果:
false
true
false
false
//迭代器
pp %w[cat dog pig].all?{|word| word.length >= 3}
pp %w[cat bear pig].all?{|word| word.length >= 4}
pp [nil,**true**,99].all?
pp [].all?
#输出结果:
true
false
false
true
判断变量是否是布尔类型
def run(val)
if val.is_a?(TrueClass)
puts 'success'
else
puts 'fail'
end
end
run(nil)
run([])
run({})
run(false)
run(true)
#输出结果：
fail
fail
fail
fail
success
symbol
def puts_class(cls)
puts cls.class
end
puts_class("123") #=> "123"
puts_class(:'123') #=> :123
#输出结果：
String
Symbol
字符串类型
str1 = 'dog'
str2 = 'dog'
str3 = 'dog'
str4 = 'dog'
puts(str1.object_id())
puts(str2.object_id())
puts(str3.object_id())
puts(str4.object_id())
#输出结果：
60
80
100
120
symbol类型
symb1 = :dog
symb2 = :dog
symb3 = :dog
symb4 = :dog
puts(symb1.object_id())
puts(symb2.object_id())
puts(symb3.object_id())
puts(symb4.object_id())
#输出结果：
1020828
1020828
1020828
1020828
hash
require 'pp'
h1 = {
"name" => 'zhangsan',
"age" => 99
}
h2 = {
name:'zhangsan',
age:99
}
pp h1
pp h2
# 对应key类型去取
puts h1['name']
puts h2[:name]
# string 与 symbol 相互转换
pp "123".to_sym.to_s
h2.each do |k,v|
puts k
puts v
end
#输出结果：
{"name"=>"zhangsan", "age"=>99}
{:name=>"zhangsan", :age=>99}
zhangsan
zhangsan
"123"
name
zhangsan
age
99
struct
require 'pp'
h1 = {
"name" => 'zhangsan',
"age" => 99
}
puts h1['name']
puts h1['age']
Person = Struct.new(:name,:age) do
def run
puts name
puts age
end
end
obj = Person.new('hanghang',99)
puts obj.name
puts obj.age
#输出结果:
zhangsan
99
hanghang
99
hanghang
99
array
require 'pp'
arr = []
arr << '1'
pp arr
#头插
arr.unshift("2")
pp arr
#遍历
arr.each do |e|
puts e
end
arr.each_with_index do |e,index|
puts "index:#{index},e:#{e}"
end
arr2 = [1,2,3,nil,4,nil]
puts arr2
puts arr2.compact #去空
arr3 = [1,2,3,4,[5,6,7],8]
pp arr3
pp arr3.flatten #数组整合
#输出结果:
["1"]
["2", "1"]
2
1
index:0,e:2
index:1,e:1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
[1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6, 7], 8]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
方法
require 'pp'
def run(name,age)
puts name
puts age
end
run('hanghang',3)
def run(name,age,options = {})
puts name
puts age
puts options
end
run('yang',31,{addr:'北苑',sex:1})
def run(arr) #地址引用
arr << '4'
end
arr = [1,2,3]
puts arr
puts '-' * 20
run(arr)
puts arr
#输出结果:
hanghang
3
yang
31
{:addr=>"北苑", :sex=>1}
1
2
3
--------------------
1
2
3
4
隐式返回值
require 'pp'
# 方法隐性返回值
def eat
1
2
x = 3
end
pp eat
def jump
return 1
2
3
end
pp jump
#输出结果:
3
1
代码块
不带参数
require 'pp'
def test
#执行代码块 可以携带参数
yield
end
test do
puts '回调内容'
end
#输出结果:
回调内容
带参数
require 'pp'
def test
yield 1,2,3 if block_given? #判断是否传入代码块
end
test do
puts '回调内容'
end
test {|a,b,c|
puts "打印参数:#{a},#{b},#{c}"
}
test
#输出结果:
回调内容
打印参数:1,2,3
require 'pp'
def test(name, age, &block)
block.call(age + 1)
end
test('hanghang',3) {|a|
puts "打印参数:#{a}"
}
#输出结果:
打印参数:4
对象
对象方法
require 'pp'
class Person
def run
puts '对象方法'
end
end
Person.new.run
#输出结果:
对象方法
require 'pp'
pp self
pp self.class
def run
pp self
pp self.class
end
run
puts '-' * 30
class Person
pp self
pp self.class
#定义对象方法
def run
pp self
pp self.class
end
#定义类方法
def self.run
pp self
pp self.class
end
end
puts '-' * 30
module Animal
pp self
pp self.class
end
puts '-' * 30
Person.new.run
Person.run
#输出结果:
main
Object
main
Object
------------------------------
Person
Class
------------------------------
Animal
Module
------------------------------
#<Person:0x00007fb3ef046aa0>
Person
Person
Class
属性
require 'pp'
class Person
def name
@name
end
def name= (_name)
@name = _name
end
end
p = Person.new
p.name = 'hanghang'
pp p.name
#输出结果:
"hanghang"
require 'pp'
class Person
attr_accessor :name,:age
end
p = Person.new
p.name = 'hanghang'
p.age = 3
pp p.name
pp p.age
#输出结果:
"hanghang"
3
to_s
class Cat
attr_accessor :color
def initialize(color)
@color = color
end
def to_s
"I'm #{color} Cat"
end
end
puts Cat.new("blue")
#输出结果:
I'm blue Cat
inspect
require 'pp'
class Cat
attr_accessor :color
def initialize(color)
@color = color
end
def inspect
"<#{self.class} color: #{color}>"
end
end
puts Cat.new("blue")
puts Cat.new("white").to_s
puts Cat.new("red").inspect
#输出结果:
#<Cat:0x00007ff46783c648>
#<Cat:0x00007ff46783c300>
<Cat color: red>
继承
require 'pp'
class Animal
def run
puts "animal run -----"
end
def sleep
puts "animal sleep -----"
end
end
class Dog < Animal
end
Dog.new.run
Dog.new.sleep
#输出结果:
animal run -----
animal sleep -----
抽象
require 'pp'
class Animal
def run
raise '必须实现run方法'
end
def sleep
raise '必须实现sleep方法'
end
end
class Dog < Animal
def run
end
def sleep
end
end
Dog.new.run
Dog.new.sleep
单列
require 'pp'
require 'singleton'
class Animal
include(Singleton)
end
pp Animal.instance
pp Animal.instance
pp Animal.instance
pp Animal.instance
#输出结果:
#<Animal:0x00007faae6061c18>
#<Animal:0x00007faae6061c18>
#<Animal:0x00007faae6061c18>
#<Animal:0x00007faae6061c18>
require 'pp'
class Person
def sleep
end
end
obj = Person.new
#方法属于singletonclass
def obj.run
pp self
pp self.singleton_class
end
run
pp obj.method(:sleep).owner
pp obj.method(:run).owner
#输出结果:
#<Person:0x00007fea840d8bc8>
#<Class:#<Person:0x00007fea840d8bc8>>
Person
#<Class:#<Person:0x00007fea840d8bc8>>
eigen class
require 'pp'
class Person
class << self
# 类方法、类属性作用域
def run
puts "eigen class"
end
attr_accessor :name
end
end
Person.run
Person.name = '杭杭'
puts Person.name
#输出结果:
eigen class
杭杭
方法名！=> 会修改成员变量
require 'pp'
class Person
attr_accessor :name
attr_accessor :age
def run
puts name #=> 读取成员变量
puts age
end
#=> 表示这个方法会修改属性或者成员变量
def run!
@name += '~~' #=> 改变成员变量
@age += 1
end
#=> 表示这个方法返回值是布尔类型
def sleep?
return true
end
end
obj = Person.new
obj.name = 'hanghang'
obj.age = 99
obj.run!
obj.run
#输出结果:
hanghang~~
100
变量
全局变量
$name = 'hanghang'
def run
puts $name
end
run
class Person
def run
$name = 'jiajia'
end
def self.sleep
puts $name
end
end
Person.new.run
Person.sleep
#输出结果:
hanghang
jiajia
成员变量
require 'pp'
class Person
attr_accessor :name,:age
def initialize(name,age)
@name = name #成员变量
@age = age
@@addr = 'defalut' #=> 类成员变量不能直接访问
end
def self.sleep
@@addr = 'xxx'
puts @@addr
end
end
obj = Person.new('hanghang',29)
pp obj.name
pp obj.age
Person.sleep
#输出结果:
"hanghang"
29
xxx
常量
require 'pp'
MY_NAME = 'hanghang'
puts MY_NAME
#输出结果:
hanghang
环境变量
require 'pp'
#export name=hanghang 配置环境变量
#echo $name 获取环境变量
# pp ENV #=> hash 对象
pp ENV['name']
#ENV['name'] = 'haha' =>不会成功，开启新的子进程
#输出结果:
hanghang
path变量
require 'pp'
# path 变量 数组形式打印
paths = ENV['PATH'].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
#=> 头插
paths.unshift('/Users/yutangzhao/Desktop')
pp paths
#只作用于ruby脚本，shell进程不生效
ENV['PATH'] = paths.join(':')
pp ENV['PATH']
#输出结果:
["/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.7.2/bin",
"/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.7.2@global/bin",
"/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.7.2/bin",
"/usr/local/bin",
"/usr/bin",
"/bin",
"/usr/sbin",
"/sbin",
"/Library/Apple/usr/bin",
"/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/bin"]
"/Users/yutangzhao/Desktop:/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.7.2/bin:/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.7.2@global/bin:/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/rubies/ruby-2.7.2/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin:/Users/yutangzhao/.rvm/bin"
条件语句
require 'pp'
#if
if true
puts '-' * 40
end
#if 条件表达式
puts '*' * 40 if true
#unless
unless false
puts '&' * 40
end
#for 循环
for i in 0..5
puts "局部变量值为#{i}"
end
#break
for i in 0..5
if i > 2 then
break
end
puts "变量值为#{i}"
end
#next
for i in 0..5
if i < 2 then
next
end
puts "打印值为#{i}"
end
#while
while true do
puts "条件成立"
break
end
#输出结果:
----------------------------------------
****************************************
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
局部变量值为0
局部变量值为1
局部变量值为2
局部变量值为3
局部变量值为4
局部变量值为5
变量值为0
变量值为1
变量值为2
打印值为2
打印值为3
打印值为4
打印值为5
条件成立
文件操作
require 'pp'
# puts File.read('haha.txt')
#f = File.open('haha.txt','r') #r 只读
#puts f.read
#File.write('haha.txt','123456\n',mode:'w+') #文件不存在会创建
File.open('haha.txt','w+'){|f|
f.write "#{Time.now} user log"
}
#重命名
File.rename('haha.txt','hang.txt')
#文件大小
puts File.size('hang.txt')
#判断文件是否存在
puts File.exists?('hang.txt')
#获取后缀名
puts File.extname('hang.txt')
#获取文件路径
puts File.dirname('/Users/xxx/Movies/Ruby/hang.txt')
#是否是目录
puts File.directory?('hang')
#目录下所有的信息
puts File.stat('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby').atime
#输出结果:
34
true
.txt
/Users/xxx/Movies/Ruby
false
2022-05-30 10:43:00 +0800
目录操作
require 'pp'
#目录下所有文件
pp Dir.glob("*")
# 包含‘spec’的所有文件名
pp Dir.glob('*spec*')
# 目录下所有ruby文件
pp Dir.glob('*.rb')
# 递归所有目录下所有文件
pp Dir.glob('**/**')
# 递归所有目录下所有目录
pp Dir.glob('**/**/')
#获取当前所在的目录
pp Dir.pwd
#判断目录是否为空
pp Dir.empty?('/Users')
#判断目录是否存在
pp Dir.exists?('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby')
#创建一个目录
Dir.mkdir('Test')
#输出结果:
["hang.txt", "main.rb"]
[]
["main.rb"]
["hang.txt", "main.rb"]
[]
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby"
false
true
json操作
require 'pp'
require 'json'
require 'ostruct'
#转成symbolkey
#json = JSON.parse(File.read('cat.json'),symbolize_names:true)
#pp json[:name]
#对象属性方式取值
#json = JSON.parse(File.read('cat.json'),object_class:OpenStruct)
#pp json.name
#pp json.age
json = JSON.parse(File.read('cat.json'))
File.write('yang.json',JSON.pretty_generate(json),mode:'w+')
yaml
---
name: hanghang
age : 3
favor:
- aaa
- bbb
- ccc
require 'pp'
require 'yaml'
h = YAML.load_file('yang.yml')
pp h
puts h.to_yaml
File.write('hang.yml',h.to_yaml,mode:'w+')
#输出结果:
{"name"=>"hanghang", "age"=>3, "favor"=>["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"]}
---
name: hanghang
age: 3
favor:
- aaa
- bbb
- ccc
pathname
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
path = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hang.txt')
#文件夹大小
pp path.size
#是否是文件夹
pp path.directory?
#绝对路径
pp path.absolute?
#相对路径
pp path.relative?
#是否可执行文件
pp path.executable?
#是否可写
pp path.writable?
#是否可读
pp path.readable?
#文件名
pp path.basename
#目录名
pp path.dirname
#扩展名
pp path.extname
#输出结果:
34
false
true
false
false
true
true
#<Pathname:hang.txt>
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby>
".txt"
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
pn = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby').join('yang').join('hang')
pp pn.exist?
pp pn
#创建目录
pn.mkpath
puts '-' * 50
#创建文件
pn1 = pn.join('tang.txt')
pp pn1.exist?
pn1.write('xxxxx',mode:'a+')
pn1.write('\n',mode:'a+')
pp pn1.exist?
pp pn1.file?
puts '-' * 50
#读取文件
pp pn1.read
pn1.each_line {|line|
pp line
}
pp pn1.zero?
pp pn1.empty?
puts '*' * 50
pn1.rename('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/jia.txt')
pp pn1.exist?
#输出结果:
false
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang/hang>
--------------------------------------------------
false
true
true
--------------------------------------------------
"xxxxx\\n"
"xxxxx\\n"
false
false
**************************************************
false
删除文件
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#删除文件
pn = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/jia.txt')
if pn.exist?
pn.delete
end
pp pn.exist?
puts '*' * 40
#删除目录 如果还有子目录则会报错 Directory not empty @ dir_s_rmdir
pn1 = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang/hang')
pn1.delete #=> FileUtils.rm_rf()替代
to_path
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#to_path
pn = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby')
pp pn
pp pn.to_path
pp pn.to_s
puts '*' * 40
pn1 = Pathname.new('../main.rb')
pp pn1
pp pn1.to_path
pp pn1.to_s
#输出结果:
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby>
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby"
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby"
****************************************
#<Pathname:../main.rb>
"../main.rb"
"../main.rb"
路径拼接
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#to_path
pn = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby').join('hello').join('world')
pp pn
pp pn.to_s
puts '*' * 40
pn1 = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby') +'hello' + 'world'
#=> 和上面等价
#pn1 = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby') +'hello/world'
pp pn1
pp pn1.to_s
#输出结果:
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hello/world>
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hello/world"
****************************************
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hello/world>
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hello/world"
相对路径拼接
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#相对路径拼接到指定路径
pn = Pathname.new('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test/http.rb') + '../main.rb'
pp pn
pp pn.to_s
#输出结果:
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test/main.rb>
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test/main.rb"
expand_path
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#相对路径拼接到指定路径
pn = Pathname.new('../main.rb')
pp pn.to_path
pp '*' * 40
#当前目录作为展开路径
pn1 = pn.expand_path
pp pn1.to_path
#传入当前路径
pn2 = pn1.expand_path(Dir.pwd)
pp pn2.to_path
#扩展其他路径
pn3 = pn.expand_path('/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test/http.rb')
pp pn3.to_path
#输出结果:
"../main.rb"
"****************************************"
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/main.rb"
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/main.rb"
"/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test/main.rb"
遍历路径
require 'pp'
require 'pathname'
#遍历路径
path = '/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby';
pn = Pathname.new(path)
pp pn.children
pp '*' * 40
#默认为true 打印绝对路径，false只打印文件名
pp pn.children(false)
pp '*' * 40
#遍历路径下的txt文件
pp Pathname.new(path).glob('*.txt')
pp '*' * 40
# 递归遍历路径下的txt文件
pp Pathname.new(path).glob('**/*.txt')
#输出结果:
[#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hang.txt>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/.DS_Store>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/Test>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/main.rb>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/cat.json>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang.yml>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang.json>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hang.yml>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/.bash_profile>]
"****************************************"
[#<Pathname:hang.txt>,
#<Pathname:.DS_Store>,
#<Pathname:Test>,
#<Pathname:yang>,
#<Pathname:main.rb>,
#<Pathname:cat.json>,
#<Pathname:yang.yml>,
#<Pathname:yang.json>,
#<Pathname:hang.yml>,
#<Pathname:.bash_profile>]
"****************************************"
[#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hang.txt>]
"****************************************"
[#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/hang.txt>,
#<Pathname:/Users/yutangzhao/Movies/Ruby/yang/yang.txt>]
