本文是我对知识产权法课程的一些学习和理解，希望能让工程师们对法律有多一些了解。

参考资料：Bindu Chib教授的课件

概述

1.1 What is intellectual property?

IP is a collective term(umbrella term) for Non-phisical property that is the product of original thought. It is an intangible asset with the ability to create wealth(through commercialization).

It is an essential bisiness asset(intangible) in the knowledge economy.

There are different IP laws for protecting different types of IP.

我们需要知道，想法本身不受法律保护，但是当它被实现就可以受到法律保护。
Intellectual and creative efforts examples: drug discovery, methods, software, literature movies, performance, brand names, music, product design, ... 新药的研发，方法，软件，文学作品，电影，音乐，演员的表演，品牌名字，产品设计，商业机密（可口可乐的配方）……这些都是知识产权。

The role of IP laws

To protect a content-creator's interest in their ideas by assigning and enforcing legal rights to produce and control physical instantiations of those ideas.知识产权法让内容创造者有权力掌控和利用自己的知识财产，从而保护他们的利益。

Different IP laws

保护知识产权的法律多种多样，主要有专利法，商标法和版权法。

Patent Law
Trademark Law
Copyright Law
protecting:designs, database rights, trade secrets One product can have many rights, which means rights can overlap.
IP create wealth by commercialization.

1.2 Why protect IP?

知识产权法的正当性理论

Natural rights 由英国哲学家John Lucke在1690年提出，指一个人如何将公共资源变成私有财产的权利。他说，努力清理无主土地，耕种庄稼地人有正当理由拥有这片土地和上面地庄稼，因为一个人有权控制自己的劳动成果。延申到知识产权上，人们说，若人将智力劳动与公共的东西混合，这个公共的东西（如想法，理论，原材料）也成为这个人的财产。
反面的声音是，一种创造的总价值不能归功于一个人的劳动，而是建立于前人的发现（共识）上，不应该用知识产权法来保护。
Personality rights人格理论 1821年生的德国人Hegal说过，每个人对自己的才能，感觉，性格，经历都有道德需求——因此对实体和知识层面成果的控制权对人的自我实现来说是必要的，保护知识产权是对人类需求的满足。
反方：可能艺术的和创造性的表达需要被保护（版权），而科技产品不能算人格的延伸，不需要知识产权保护。
Utilitarian theory功利说英国哲学家Jeremy Bentham(1781)：如果法律能给最多的人带来最大的幸福，那么它在社会上就是公正的。 IP法对智力成果拥有者的保护促进了创新，这些创新对我们所有的人都有益。
反过来，创造者还有其他的动力，而且垄断会抑制竞争和创新。
Law and economic analysis 用经济分析法律，用数据说话，IP法到底能不能促进经济效益。综合了cost和benefit，很少有人主张废除IP了，现在的研究目的变成追求收益最大化和减小负面影响。

保护知识产权需要寻求创新者的利益和公共利益的平衡，所以没有一个正确答案，法律永远在不断修正。

PRC Patent law:
Article1 This law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the lawful rights and interests of patentees, encouraging invention-creation, promoting the application of invention-creation, enhancing innovation capability, promoting the economic and social development.

1.3 IP Intangible issue

Copyright Law 版权法

Copyright Law of the PRC 1990(as revised 2010)-(PRC-CL)
Copyright Law Implementing Regulations 2013-(PRC-CR)
Other CL regulations and Measures from time to time

2.1 Requirements for protection

中国版权法的目的

Article 1 目的
This law is enacted, in accordance with the Consititution, for the purpose of protecting the copyright of authors in their literary, artistic and scientific works and the rights and interests related to copyright, encouraging the creation and dissemination of works conducive to the building of a socialist society that is advanced ethically and materially, and promoting the progress and flourishing of socialist culture and sciences.

版权法都保护哪些类型的IP？

主要保护的是两类东西：“copyrights of author”以及“related rights”。前者指文学，艺术，科学的作品，后者如制作人制作的播客，演员的表演等。

Article 3 进一步列举了“作者作品”
For purposes of this law, the term "works" includes, among other things, works of literature, art, natural sciences, social sciences, engineering and technology, which are created in any of the following forms...
(1) written works;
(2) oral works;
(3) musical, dramatic, quyi, choreographic and acrobatic works;
(4) works of the fine arts and architecture;
(5) photographic works;
(6) cinematographic works（电影） and works created by a process and analogous to cinematography;
(7) graphic works such as drawings of engineering designs and product designs, maps and sketches, and model works;
(8) computer software; and
(9) other works as provided for in laws and administrative regulations.

Article 2 of CR work是指？
intellectual creations

其他一些法条，关于Related rights
A 38 表演者在其表演中的权力
A 42 sound recordings & video recordings(producers)
A 45 Radio & TV broadcasters: rights in broadcasts

版权的保护都有哪些要求？

Article 2 of the Copyright Regulations declares that the term “works” as referred to in the Copyright Law means intellectual creations with originality in the literary, artistic or scientific domain insofar as they can be reproduced in a tangible form. … 获得版权保护的作品首先要是一种智力创作（intellectual creation），其次要满足原创性originality和可触知性tangibility。那么CR Article2的这三个名词都是怎么定义的？

Article 3 CR meaning of 'intellectual creation'
The term "creation" as referred to in the Copyright Law means intellectual activities in which literaty, artistic or scientific works are directly created.

Original

Article 11 CL author = creator of work

originality在CR/CL中没有明确的定义，但是从以上两个法条得出结论，它的意思是author's own intellectual creation. free and creative choices, personal touch of the author, not copied.

German CL: Personal intellectual creation
French CL: imprint of the author's personality

一个欧洲的案子：足球实况转播算作者的智力创作(author's intellectual creation)吗？

答：不是！不算一个有版权的作品。原因在于，足球比赛是按照规则比赛的，没有可以获得版权的创作空间了。leaving no room for creative freedom for the purpose of copyright.

人像摄影vs 证件照：前者original，后者不是original，区别在于creative freedom and choices made by author.

从而引出下一个问题， creativity要到什么程度才算原创？ 怎样判断creativity？

The expression literary and artistic works shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the form of its expression” – Berne Convention “文学和艺术作品的表达应包括文学、科学和艺术领域的所有作品，无论其表达形式如何”——《伯尔尼公约》。 Modicum of creativity 一点创意就够，不需要是独特的或者新的，也不需要用艺术价值评判。但是通常，给短语，标题和很小的作品申请版权保护很难。

Tangibility

must be fixed in some form. eg.随意哼出的没有被记录下来的曲调，不算tangible

2.2 Ideas Vs. Expression dichotomy浅议思想与表达二分法

First principle: IP laws protect applications and expressions of ideas, but not the ideas itself.

IP法只能保护“idea”的应用和表达，但不能保护“idea”本身，因为“idea”是公有的。这个原则在中国CL和CR中都没有特别说明，但是在Chinese Software Regulations中说了。

一些国际上的法律包含这项原则，比如TRIPS,WIPO treaties等。其他许多国家的版权法也对这项原则有所涉及。

Article 9, TRIPS(same statement in WIPO Copyright Treaty)
Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such

Article 7, PRC Software Regulations
The protection of software under these Regulations does not extend to any idea, concept, discovery, principle, algorithm, process and operating method used in the development thereof.

Section 102(b), US Copyright Law
In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work

Harry Potter V Tanya Grotter

Ideas are copied.
Literal expression(words) not copied-TG is in Russian
Non-literal expression(structure, sequence, organization, selection, arrangement), copied?

“表达”是多种因素的结合。单单一种因素的相同并不能受版权保护。“版权法明确规定，只有特定理念的表达才可能受到版权保护，其他各方可以复制该理念，但其他各方不得复制该理念的特定表达或其中部分内容。” 例如，毕加索可能对他的立体主义主题画的三个女人的肖像享有版权。然而，任何艺术家都可以画一幅立体派主题的任何主题的画，包括三个女人的肖像，只要第二个艺术家不实质上复制毕加索对他的想法的具体表达，就不会侵犯毕加索的版权。

结语：在区分理念和表达时，需要仔细检查非字面的表达是不是出现抄袭问题。具体问题具体分析。

知识产权法基础（Intellectual Property Law)——(1)概述&版权法

概述