线程间协作的两种方式:wait、notify、notifyAll和Condition

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在前面我们将了很多关于同步的问题,然而在现实中,需要线程之间的协作。比如说最经典的生产者-消费者模型:当队列满时,生产者需要等待队列有空间才能继续往里面放入商品,而在等待的期间内,生产者必须释放对临界资源(即队列)的占用权。因为生产者如果不释放对临界资源的占用权,那么消费者就无法消费队列中的商品,就不会让队列有空间,那么生产者就会一直无限等待下去。因此,一般情况下,当队列满时,会让生产者交出对临界资源的占用权,并进入挂起状态。然后等待消费者消费了商品,然后消费者通知生产者队列有空间了。同样地,当队列空时,消费者也必须等待,等待生产者通知它队列中有商品了。这种互相通信的过程就是线程间的协作。

  今天我们就来探讨一下Java中线程协作的最常见的两种方式:利用Object.wait()、Object.notify()和使用Condition

  以下是本文目录大纲:

  一.wait()、notify()和notifyAll()

  二.Condition

  三.生产者-消费者模型的实现

  若有不正之处请多多谅解,并欢迎批评指正。

  请尊重作者劳动成果,转载请标明原文链接:

  www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520…

 

一.wait()、notify()和notifyAll()

  wait()、notify()和notifyAll()是Object类中的方法:

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425/**``  * Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's``  * monitor. If any threads are waiting on this object, one of them``  * is chosen to be awakened. The choice is arbitrary and occurs at``  * the discretion of the implementation. A thread waits on an object's``  * monitor by calling one of the wait methods``  */``public  final  native  void  notify(); /**``  * Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A``  * thread waits on an object's monitor by calling one of the``  * wait methods.``  */``public  final  native  void  notifyAll(); /**``  * Causes the current thread to wait until either another thread invokes the``  * {@link java.lang.Object#notify()} method or the``  * {@link java.lang.Object#notifyAll()} method for this object, or a``  * specified amount of time has elapsed.``  * <p>``  * The current thread must own this object's monitor.``  */``public  final  native  void  wait( long  timeout)  throws  InterruptedException;

   从这三个方法的文字描述可以知道以下几点信息:

  1)wait()、notify()和notifyAll()方法是本地方法,并且为final方法,无法被重写。

  2)调用某个对象的wait()方法能让当前线程阻塞,并且当前线程必须拥有此对象的monitor(即锁)

  3)调用某个对象的notify()方法能够唤醒一个正在等待这个对象的monitor的线程,如果有多个线程都在等待这个对象的monitor,则只能唤醒其中一个线程;

  4)调用notifyAll()方法能够唤醒所有正在等待这个对象的monitor的线程;

  有朋友可能会有疑问:为何这三个不是Thread类声明中的方法,而是Object类中声明的方法(当然由于Thread类继承了Object类,所以Thread也可以调用者三个方法)?其实这个问题很简单,由于每个对象都拥有monitor(即锁),所以让当前线程等待某个对象的锁,当然应该通过这个对象来操作了。而不是用当前线程来操作,因为当前线程可能会等待多个线程的锁,如果通过线程来操作,就非常复杂了。

  上面已经提到,如果调用某个对象的wait()方法,当前线程必须拥有这个对象的monitor(即锁),因此调用wait()方法必须在同步块或者同步方法中进行(synchronized块或者synchronized方法)。

  调用某个对象的wait()方法,相当于让当前线程交出此对象的monitor,然后进入等待状态,等待后续再次获得此对象的锁(Thread类中的sleep方法使当前线程暂停执行一段时间,从而让其他线程有机会继续执行,但它并不释放对象锁);

  notify()方法能够唤醒一个正在等待该对象的monitor的线程,当有多个线程都在等待该对象的monitor的话,则只能唤醒其中一个线程,具体唤醒哪个线程则不得而知。

  同样地,调用某个对象的notify()方法,当前线程也必须拥有这个对象的monitor,因此调用notify()方法必须在同步块或者同步方法中进行(synchronized块或者synchronized方法)。

  nofityAll()方法能够唤醒所有正在等待该对象的monitor的线程,这一点与notify()方法是不同的。

  这里要注意一点:notify()和notifyAll()方法只是唤醒等待该对象的monitor的线程,并不决定哪个线程能够获取到monitor。

  举个简单的例子:假如有三个线程Thread1、Thread2和Thread3都在等待对象objectA的monitor,此时Thread4拥有对象objectA的monitor,当在Thread4中调用objectA.notify()方法之后,Thread1、Thread2和Thread3只有一个能被唤醒。注意,被唤醒不等于立刻就获取了objectA的monitor。假若在Thread4中调用objectA.notifyAll()方法,则Thread1、Thread2和Thread3三个线程都会被唤醒,至于哪个线程接下来能够获取到objectA的monitor就具体依赖于操作系统的调度了。

  上面尤其要注意一点,一个线程被唤醒不代表立即获取了对象的monitor,只有等调用完notify()或者notifyAll()并退出synchronized块,释放对象锁后,其余线程才可获得锁执行。

下面看一个例子就明白了:

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041public  class  Test {``     public  static  Object object =  new  Object();``     public  static  void  main(String[] args) {``         Thread1 thread1 =  new  Thread1();``         Thread2 thread2 =  new  Thread2();``                  thread1.start();``                  try  {``             Thread.sleep( 200 );``         catch  (InterruptedException e) {``             e.printStackTrace();``         }``                  thread2.start();``     }``          static  class  Thread1  extends  Thread{``         @Override``         public  void  run() {``             synchronized  (object) {``                 try  {``                     object.wait();``                 catch  (InterruptedException e) {``                 }``                 System.out.println( "线程" +Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "获取到了锁" );``             }``         }``     }``          static  class  Thread2  extends  Thread{``         @Override``         public  void  run() {``             synchronized  (object) {``                 object.notify();``                 System.out.println( "线程" +Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "调用了object.notify()" );``             }``             System.out.println( "线程" +Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "释放了锁" );``         }``     }``}

   无论运行多少次,运行结果必定是:

  View Code

二.Condition

  Condition是在java 1.5中才出现的,它用来替代传统的Object的wait()、notify()实现线程间的协作,相比使用Object的wait()、notify(),使用Condition1的await()、signal()这种方式实现线程间协作更加安全和高效。因此通常来说比较推荐使用Condition,在阻塞队列那一篇博文中就讲述到了,阻塞队列实际上是使用了Condition来模拟线程间协作。

  • Condition是个接口,基本的方法就是await()和signal()方法;
  • Condition依赖于Lock接口,生成一个Condition的基本代码是lock.newCondition() 
  •  调用Condition的await()和signal()方法,都必须在lock保护之内,就是说必须在lock.lock()和lock.unlock之间才可以使用

  Conditon中的await()对应Object的wait();

  Condition中的signal()对应Object的notify();

  Condition中的signalAll()对应Object的notifyAll()。

三.生产者-消费者模型的实现

1.使用Object的wait()和notify()实现:

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667public  class  Test {``     private  int  queueSize =  10 ;``     private  PriorityQueue<Integer> queue =  new  PriorityQueue<Integer>(queueSize);``           public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {``         Test test =  new  Test();``         Producer producer = test. new  Producer();``         Consumer consumer = test. new  Consumer();``                   producer.start();``         consumer.start();``     }``           class  Consumer  extends  Thread{``                   @Override``         public  void  run() {``             consume();``         }``                   private  void  consume() {``             while ( true ){``                 synchronized  (queue) {``                     while (queue.size() ==  0 ){``                         try  {``                             System.out.println( "队列空,等待数据" );``                             queue.wait();``                         catch  (InterruptedException e) {``                             e.printStackTrace();``                             queue.notify();``                         }``                     }``                     queue.poll();           //每次移走队首元素``                     queue.notify();``                     System.out.println( "从队列取走一个元素,队列剩余" +queue.size()+ "个元素" );``                 }``             }``         }``     }``           class  Producer  extends  Thread{``                   @Override``         public  void  run() {``             produce();``         }``                   private  void  produce() {``             while ( true ){``                 synchronized  (queue) {``                     while (queue.size() == queueSize){``                         try  {``                             System.out.println( "队列满,等待有空余空间" );``                             queue.wait();``                         catch  (InterruptedException e) {``                             e.printStackTrace();``                             queue.notify();``                         }``                     }``                     queue.offer( 1 );         //每次插入一个元素``                     queue.notify();``                     System.out.println( "向队列取中插入一个元素,队列剩余空间:" +(queueSize-queue.size()));``                 }``             }``         }``     }``}

 2.使用Condition实现

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374public  class  Test {``     private  int  queueSize =  10 ;``     private  PriorityQueue<Integer> queue =  new  PriorityQueue<Integer>(queueSize);``     private  Lock lock =  new  ReentrantLock();``     private  Condition notFull = lock.newCondition();``     private  Condition notEmpty = lock.newCondition();``          public  static  void  main(String[] args)  {``         Test test =  new  Test();``         Producer producer = test. new  Producer();``         Consumer consumer = test. new  Consumer();``                   producer.start();``         consumer.start();``     }``           class  Consumer  extends  Thread{``                   @Override``         public  void  run() {``             consume();``         }``                   private  void  consume() {``             while ( true ){``                 lock.lock();``                 try  {``                     while (queue.size() ==  0 ){``                         try  {``                             System.out.println( "队列空,等待数据" );``                             notEmpty.await();``                         catch  (InterruptedException e) {``                             e.printStackTrace();``                         }``                     }``                     queue.poll();                 //每次移走队首元素``                     notFull.signal();``                     System.out.println( "从队列取走一个元素,队列剩余" +queue.size()+ "个元素" );``                 finally {``                     lock.unlock();``                 }``             }``         }``     }``           class  Producer  extends  Thread{``                   @Override``         public  void  run() {``             produce();``         }``                   private  void  produce() {``             while ( true ){``                 lock.lock();``                 try  {``                     while (queue.size() == queueSize){``                         try  {``                             System.out.println( "队列满,等待有空余空间" );``                             notFull.await();``                         catch  (InterruptedException e) {``                             e.printStackTrace();``                         }``                     }``                     queue.offer( 1 );         //每次插入一个元素``                     notEmpty.signal();``                     System.out.println( "向队列取中插入一个元素,队列剩余空间:" +(queueSize-queue.size()));``                 finally {``                     lock.unlock();``                 }``             }``         }``     }``}

 

  参考资料:

  《Java编程思想》

  blog.csdn.net/ns_code/art…

  blog.csdn.net/ghsau/artic…

作者: 海子

    

出处: www.cnblogs.com/dolphin0520…

    

本博客中未标明转载的文章归作者 海子和博客园共有,欢迎转载,但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明,且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接,否则保留追究法律责任的权利。

 

package com.ixhong.base.thread.base;

public class ProducerConsumer {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      SyncStack ss = new SyncStack();
      
      new Thread(new Producer(ss,  "p1" )).start();
      new Thread(new Consumer(ss,  "c1" )).start();
      new Thread(new Producer(ss,  "p2" )).start();
      new Thread(new Consumer(ss,  "c2" )).start();
   }
}

class WoTou {
   private int id;
   
   public WoTou(int id) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   
   public int getId() {
      return id;
   }
   
   public String toString() {
      return  "WT" + getId();
   }
}

class SyncStack {
   private int index = 0;
   private WoTou[] arrWT = new WoTou[6];
   
   public synchronized void push(WoTou wt) {
      while (index == arrWT.length) {
         try {
            this.wait();
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
      }
      this.notifyAll();
      arrWT[index++] = wt;
   }
   
   public synchronized WoTou pop() {
      while (index == 0) {
         try {
            this.wait();
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
      }
      this.notifyAll();
      return arrWT[--index];
   }
}

class Producer implements Runnable {
   private SyncStack ss = null;
   private String name;
   
   public Producer(SyncStack ss, String name) {
      this.ss = ss;
      this.name = name;
   }
   
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   
   public void run() {
      for (int i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
         WoTou wt = new WoTou(i);
         ss.push(wt);
         System.out.println(getName() +  "生产" + wt);
         try {
            Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 100));
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
      }
   }
}

class Consumer implements Runnable {
    private SyncStack ss = null;
    private String name;
   
   public Consumer(SyncStack ss, String name) {
      this.ss = ss;
      this.name = name;
   }
   
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   
   public void run() {
      for (int i = 0; i < 60; i++) {
         WoTou wt = ss.pop();
         System.out.println(getName() +  "消费" + wt);
         try {
            Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 400));
         } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
      }
   }
}