1 开发哲学
Beautiful is better than ugly.(美丽优于丑陋)
Explicit is better than implicit.(直白优于含蓄)
Simple is better than complex.(简单优于复杂)
Complex is better than complicated.(复杂优于繁琐)
Readability counts.(可读性很重要)
2 遵循的协议
Requests 的发布许可为 Apache2 License.
因为项目发行于 GPL 协议之后，就不能用于任何本身没开源的商业产品中。
MIT、BSD、ISC、Apache2 许可都是优秀的替代品，它们允许你的开源软件自由应用在私有闭源软件中。
3 requests信息
requests是一个Python的网络请求库，和urllib、httplib之流相比起来最大的优点就是好用。requests还支持https验证并且是线程安全的。
下载地址
安装后在eclipse如果还没有识别，需要在PYTHON解释器中加上
Properties-> PyDev Interpreter
Click here to configure an Interpreter not list.
4 简单使用
import requests
r = requests.get( 'www.python.org' )
r.status_code
print r.status_code
直接执行即可。
或者如下：
import requests
r = requests.get( 'api.github.com/user' , auth=( 'user' , 'pass' ))
print r.status_code
print r.headers[ 'content-type' ]
print r.encoding
print r.text
print r.json()
5 代码
因为官方提供的项目信息并不是特别多，一个一个解决不免枯燥乏味，为此想到一个实战办法。以具体实例为切入点一点一点阅读。
5.1 Request(主要接口)
示例代码如下：
import requests
r = requests.get( 'github.com/timeline.js…' )
print r
r = requests.post( "httpbin.org/post" )
print r
r = requests.put( "httpbin.org/put" )
print r
r = requests.delete( "httpbin.org/delete" )
print r
r = requests.head( "httpbin.org/get" )
print r
r = requests.options( "httpbin.org/get" )
print r
我们来学习一下
import 导入我们安装的requests包
然后调用函数get，post，put，delete，head，options
Requests 所有的功能都可以通过以下 7 个方法访问
最后都返回一个Response对象的实例。
5.1.1 get
在api.py文件中，内如如下：
def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a GETrequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param params: (optional)Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
kwargs.setdefault( 'allow_redirects' , True)
return request( 'get' , url, params=params, **kwargs)
发送GET请求，参数有url,params,kwargs.
url参数Request对象。Params是字典。Kwargs是可选参数，被requests调用。
返回Response对象。
最后调用request函数。
5.1.2 post
def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a POSTrequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param data: (optional) Dictionary (willbe form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the:class:`Request`.
**:param json: (optional) jsondata to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
return request( 'post' , url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
5.1.3 put
def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a PUTrequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param data: (optional) Dictionary (willbe form-encoded), bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the:class:`Request`.
**:param json: (optional) jsondata to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
return request( 'put' , url, data=data, **kwargs)
和get基本一致。
5.1.4 delete
def delete(url, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a DELETErequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
return request( 'delete' , url, **kwargs)
和get基本一致。
5.1.5 head
def head(url, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a HEADrequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
kwargs.setdefault( 'allow_redirects' , False)
return request( 'head' , url, **kwargs)
和get基本一致。
5.1.6 options
def options(url, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a OPTIONSrequest.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param \\kwargs: Optionalarguments that ``request`` takes.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
"""
kwargs.setdefault( 'allow_redirects' , True)
return request( 'options' , url, **kwargs)
和get基本一致。
5.1.7 request
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs andsends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
**:param method: method for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param url: URL for the new:class:`Request` object.
**:param params: (optional)Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
**:param data: (optional) Dictionary or listof tuples ``[(key, value)]`` (will be form-encoded), bytes, or file-like objectto send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
**:param json: (optional) jsondata to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
**:param headers: (optional) Dictionary ofHTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
**:param cookies: (optional) Dict orCookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
**:param files: (optional) Dictionary of``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipartencoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``,3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type',custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-likeobject containing additional headers
to add for the file.
**:param auth: (optional) Authtuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
**:param timeout: (optional) How long towait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
**:type timeout: float or tuple
**:param allow_redirects: (optional)Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection.Defaults to ``True``.
**:type allow_redirects: bool
**:param proxies: (optional)Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
**:param verify: (optional) Either aboolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be apath
to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
**:param stream: (optional) if ``False``,the response content will be immediately downloaded.
**:param cert: (optional) if String,path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert','key') pair.
**:return::class: `Response <Response>` object
**:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET','httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>
"""
# By using the 'with' statement weare sure the session is closed, thus we
# avoid leaving sockets open whichcan trigger a ResourceWarning in some
# cases, and look like a memory leakin others.
with sessions.Session() as session:
return session.request(method=method,url=url, **kwargs)
打开session。那么我们来看下这个session对象。
5.2 session
位于session.py文件中。
这个模块提供Session对象来管理cookie持久化，连接池和配置.
示例：
import requests
s = requests.Session()
print s.get( 'httpbin.org/get' )
或者：
import requests
with requests.Session() as s:
**print s.get( 'httpbin.org/get' )
5.3 身份验证
包含request的认证句柄。
5.4 exceptions异常
异常定义在exceptions.py文件中。
从urllib3中导入HTTPError，命名为BaseHTTPError
定义了RequestException类。
6 模块
6.1 包含关键模块urllib3
Requests允许你发送纯天然，植物饲养的 HTTP/1.1 请求，无需手工劳动。你不需要手动为 URL 添加查询字串，也不需要对 POST 数据进行表单编码。Keep-alive 和 HTTP 连接池的功能是 100% 自动化的，一切动力都来自于根植在 Requests 内部的 urllib3
7 附录A
7.1 httplib2
httplib2尽管名声在外，但它文档欠佳，而且基本操作要写的代码依旧太多。对于 httplib2，要写一个现代 HTTP 客户端要跟一吨低级麻烦事打交道，实在是件苦差事。但无论如何，还是直接使用 Requests 吧。Kenneth Reitz 是一个很负责的作者，他能把简单的东西做简单。httplib2 感觉像是一个学术产物，而 Requests 才真的是一个人们可以在生产系统中使用的东西。
