简介：
- ViewModel类旨在以注重生命周期的方式存储和管理界面相关的数据。ViewModel类让数据可在发生屏幕旋转等配置更改后继续留存。
Activity 可以使用
onSaveInstanceState()方法从onCreate()中的捆绑包恢复其数据，但此方法仅适合可以序列化再反序列化的少量数据，而不适合数量可能较大的数据，
- 数据和UI进行解耦。
使用：
public class MyViewModel extends ViewModel {
private MutableLiveData<List<User>> users;
public LiveData<List<User>> getUsers() {
if (users == null) {
users = new MutableLiveData<List<User>>();
loadUsers();
}
return users;
}
private void loadUsers() {
// Do an asynchronous operation to fetch users.
}
}
public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
// Create a ViewModel the first time the system calls an activity's onCreate() method.
// Re-created activities receive the same MyViewModel instance created by the first activity.
MyViewModel model = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
model.getUsers().observe(this, users -> {
// update UI
});
}
}
生命周期
在 Fragment 之间共享数据
public class SharedViewModel extends ViewModel {
private final MutableLiveData<Item> selected = new MutableLiveData<Item>();
public void select(Item item) {
selected.setValue(item);
}
public LiveData<Item> getSelected() {
return selected;
}
}
public class ListFragment extends Fragment {
private SharedViewModel model;
public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
model = new ViewModelProvider(requireActivity()).get(SharedViewModel.class);
itemSelector.setOnClickListener(item -> {
model.select(item);
});
}
}
public class DetailFragment extends Fragment {
public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
SharedViewModel model = new ViewModelProvider(requireActivity()).get(SharedViewModel.class);
model.getSelected().observe(getViewLifecycleOwner(), item -> {
// Update the UI.
});
}
}
这两个 Fragment 都会检索包含它们的 Activity。这样，当这两个 Fragment 各自获取 ViewModelProvider 时，它们会收到相同的 SharedViewModel 实例。
优点：
-
Activity 不需要执行任何操作，也不需要对此通信有任何了解。
-
除了
SharedViewModel约定之外，Fragment 不需要相互了解。如果其中一个 Fragment 消失，另一个 Fragment 将继续照常工作。 -
每个 Fragment 都有自己的生命周期，而不受另一个 Fragment 的生命周期的影响。如果一个 Fragment 替换另一个 Fragment，界面将继续工作而没有任何问题。
源码分析
问题：
- ViewModel与Activity / Fragment的映射关系是如何建立起来的？
- Activity横竖屏切换时为什么viewModel能保存持有的数据
- ViewModel的生命周期如何管理？
MyViewModel model = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
看下ViewModelProvider的构造方法。
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner) {
this(owner.getViewModelStore(), owner instanceof HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory
? ((HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory) owner).getDefaultViewModelProviderFactory()
: NewInstanceFactory.getInstance());
}
/**
* Creates {@code ViewModelProvider}, which will create {@code ViewModels} via the given
* {@code Factory} and retain them in a store of the given {@code ViewModelStoreOwner}.
*
* @param owner a {@code ViewModelStoreOwner} whose {@link ViewModelStore} will be used to
* retain {@code ViewModels}
* @param factory a {@code Factory} which will be used to instantiate
* new {@code ViewModels}
*/
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner, @NonNull Factory factory) {
this(owner.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}
/**
* Creates {@code ViewModelProvider}, which will create {@code ViewModels} via the given
* {@code Factory} and retain them in the given {@code store}.
*
* @param store {@code ViewModelStore} where ViewModels will be stored.
* @param factory factory a {@code Factory} which will be used to instantiate
* new {@code ViewModels}
*/
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStore store, @NonNull Factory factory) {
mFactory = factory;
mViewModelStore = store;
}
ComponentActivity和Fragment分别都实现了ViewModelStoreOwner和HasDefaultViewModelProviderFactory接口。可以获取到获取到ViewModelStore和Factory的实例。
看下ComponentActivity的实现。
ViewModelStore创建
public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
if (getApplication() == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Your activity is not yet attached to the "
+ "Application instance. You can't request ViewModel before onCreate call.");
}
ensureViewModelStore();
return mViewModelStore;
}
void ensureViewModelStore() {
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
NonConfigurationInstances nc =
(NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
if (nc != null) {
// Restore the ViewModelStore from NonConfigurationInstances
mViewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
}
if (mViewModelStore == null) {
mViewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
}
}
}
- 会先从
NonConfigurationInstances里面获取，获取不到再创建。
看下NonConfigurationInstances是什么时间保存的。
（1）保留所有适当的非配置状态。 你不能自己重写
public final Object onRetainNonConfigurationInstance() {
// Maintain backward compatibility.
（2）需要自定义保存数据状态 以便在页面恢复的时候使用 重写该函数
Object custom = onRetainCustomNonConfigurationInstance();
ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStore;
if (viewModelStore == null) {
// No one called getViewModelStore(), so see if there was an existing
// ViewModelStore from our last NonConfigurationInstance
NonConfigurationInstances nc =
(NonConfigurationInstances) getLastNonConfigurationInstance();
if (nc != null) {
viewModelStore = nc.viewModelStore;
}
}
if (viewModelStore == null && custom == null) {
return null;
}
NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
nci.custom = custom;
nci.viewModelStore = viewModelStore;
return nci;
}
NonConfigurationInstances retainNonConfigurationInstances() {
（3）这里调用了上面那个方法。
Object activity = onRetainNonConfigurationInstance();
HashMap<String, Object> children = onRetainNonConfigurationChildInstances();
FragmentManagerNonConfig fragments = mFragments.retainNestedNonConfig();
// We're already stopped but we've been asked to retain.
// Our fragments are taken care of but we need to mark the loaders for retention.
// In order to do this correctly we need to restart the loaders first before
// handing them off to the next activity.
mFragments.doLoaderStart();
mFragments.doLoaderStop(true);
ArrayMap<String, LoaderManager> loaders = mFragments.retainLoaderNonConfig();
if (activity == null && children == null && fragments == null && loaders == null
&& mVoiceInteractor == null) {
return null;
}
NonConfigurationInstances nci = new NonConfigurationInstances();
nci.activity = activity;
nci.children = children;
nci.fragments = fragments;
nci.loaders = loaders;
if (mVoiceInteractor != null) {
mVoiceInteractor.retainInstance();
nci.voiceInteractor = mVoiceInteractor;
}
return nci;
}
全局搜下看retainNonConfigurationInstances哪里调用了。
ActivityClientRecord performDestroyActivity(IBinder token, boolean finishing,
int configChanges, boolean getNonConfigInstance, String reason) {
ActivityClientRecord r = mActivities.get(token);
Class<? extends Activity> activityClass = null;
if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Performing finish of " + r);
if (r != null) {
activityClass = r.activity.getClass();
r.activity.mConfigChangeFlags |= configChanges;
if (finishing) {
r.activity.mFinished = true;
}
performPauseActivityIfNeeded(r, "destroy");
if (!r.stopped) {
callActivityOnStop(r, false /* saveState */, "destroy");
}
if (getNonConfigInstance) {
try {
（1）重点关注
r.lastNonConfigurationInstances
= r.activity.retainNonConfigurationInstances();
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(r.activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to retain activity "
+ r.intent.getComponent().toShortString()
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
try {
r.activity.mCalled = false;
mInstrumentation.callActivityOnDestroy(r.activity);
if (!r.activity.mCalled) {
throw new SuperNotCalledException(
"Activity " + safeToComponentShortString(r.intent) +
" did not call through to super.onDestroy()");
}
if (r.window != null) {
r.window.closeAllPanels();
}
} catch (SuperNotCalledException e) {
throw e;
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(r.activity, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to destroy activity " + safeToComponentShortString(r.intent)
+ ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
r.setState(ON_DESTROY);
}
schedulePurgeIdler();
// updatePendingActivityConfiguration() reads from mActivities to update
// ActivityClientRecord which runs in a different thread. Protect modifications to
// mActivities to avoid race.
synchronized (mResourcesManager) {
mActivities.remove(token);
}
StrictMode.decrementExpectedActivityCount(activityClass);
return r;
}
到这里第二个问题就有了答案了。
在performDestroyActivity的时候会把NonConfigurationInstances保存到ActivityClientRecord中。
NonConfigurationInstances里面有activity，activity里面有持有ViewModelStore。
往回看下get方法。
MyViewModel model = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
String canonicalName = modelClass.getCanonicalName();
if (canonicalName == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Local and anonymous classes can not be ViewModels");
}
return get(DEFAULT_KEY + ":" + canonicalName, modelClass);
}
public <T extends ViewModel> T get(@NonNull String key, @NonNull Class<T> modelClass) {
ViewModel viewModel = mViewModelStore.get(key);
if (modelClass.isInstance(viewModel)) {
if (mFactory instanceof OnRequeryFactory) {
((OnRequeryFactory) mFactory).onRequery(viewModel);
}
return (T) viewModel;
} else {
//noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
if (viewModel != null) {
// TODO: log a warning.
}
}
if (mFactory instanceof KeyedFactory) {
viewModel = ((KeyedFactory) mFactory).create(key, modelClass);
} else {
viewModel = mFactory.create(modelClass);
}
mViewModelStore.put(key, viewModel);
return (T) viewModel;
}
-
先从缓存中查找，找到直接返回。
-
缓存没有，就创建一个放到缓存中，并返回。
第一个问题就有答案了。
Activity和Fragment提供mViewModelStore容器存储ViewModel。
看下ViewModelStore。
public class ViewModelStore {
private final HashMap<String, ViewModel> mMap = new HashMap<>();
final void put(String key, ViewModel viewModel) {
ViewModel oldViewModel = mMap.put(key, viewModel);
if (oldViewModel != null) {
oldViewModel.onCleared();
}
}
final ViewModel get(String key) {
return mMap.get(key);
}
Set<String> keys() {
return new HashSet<>(mMap.keySet());
}
/**
* Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
*/
public final void clear() {
for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
vm.clear();
}
mMap.clear();
}
}
看下clear方法什么时间调用。
getLifecycle().addObserver(new LifecycleEventObserver() {
@Override
public void onStateChanged(@NonNull LifecycleOwner source,
@NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) {
if (event == Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) {
// Clear out the available context
mContextAwareHelper.clearAvailableContext();
// And clear the ViewModelStore
if (!isChangingConfigurations()) {
getViewModelStore().clear();
}
}
}
});
到这里第三个问题就清楚了。
- 通过
Lifecycle管理生命周期。 destroy时，并且不是横竖屏切换才会销毁数据。
总结：
优点：
- ViewModel类旨在以注重生命周期的方式存储和管理界面相关的数据。ViewModel类让数据可在发生屏幕旋转等配置更改后继续留存。同时也解决了内存泄漏等问题。
- 数据和UI进行解耦。
原理:
- ViewModel与Activity / Fragment的映射关系是如何建立起来的？
- Activity横竖屏切换时为什么viewModel能保存持有的数据
- ViewModel的生命周期如何管理？
第一个问题:
Activity和Fragment提供mViewModelStore容器存储ViewModel。
第二个问题：
-
在
performDestroyActivity的时候会把NonConfigurationInstances保存到ActivityClientRecord中。 -
NonConfigurationInstances里面有activity，activity里面有持有ViewModelStore。
第三个问题：
-
通过
Lifecycle管理生命周期。 -
destroy时，并且不是横竖屏切换才会销毁数据。
