定语从句
一个句子 修饰名词或代词的 叫做定语从句
- 例如:我喜欢那个每天静静地坐在窗边看书的女孩
其中“那个每天静静地坐在窗边看书的”就是一个定语从句,用来修饰“女孩”
1.先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词称为先行词,其在主句中充当一定的部分。
在上面的例子中,“女孩”就是被修饰的先行词
2.关系词
关系词的作用:
1.引导定语从句
2.替代先行词
3.在定语从句中担当一个成分
用例解说:
继续使用上面的例子,将其用英文翻译过来就是:
- I like the girl who sits quietly by the window reading every day
其中关系词就是”who“,它在从句”who sits quietly by the window reading every day“充当一个主语的作用,代指”girl“
- 先行词为”girl“是人,关系词就用"that","who","whom“
关系词在从句中做主语时使用”that“或”who“
关系词在从句中做宾语时使用“that”,“who”,“whom”,某种情况下也可以省略关系词
可见”that“或”who“在做主语或宾语时都可以用,那么能不能都用这两个呢
这个大部分是可行的,但有些情况下,不能用that来做关系词:
- 当先行词为人称代词 he, she, they 或one(s), anyone, nobody 等时
用例:
He who plays a trick must be prepared to take a joke. 玩花招的人必定会受到戏弄。
The ones who refuse to reform should be punished as required by law. 拒绝改革的人应依法受到惩罚。
It was she who first introduced me to the pleasures of wine-tasting. 是她第一个让我领略到品酒的乐趣。\
- 当先行为指示代词 those,或先行词是those所修饰的人时
用例:
This website is dedicated to those who died in the war. 这个网站是献给那些在战争中死去的人。
She is one of those women who always make the worst of their troubles. 她是那些老是把困难往最坏处想的女人之一。
- 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时
用例:
He is the third man who witnessed the murder. 他是这起谋杀案的第三个见证者。
They were the first who were there. 他们是去那里的第一批人。
- 当先行词是 people 或是表示人的集体名词时
用例:
An interactive product should show interest in the people who use it. 一款互动的产品应该展现出对用户的兴趣。
The crew who were all asleep forgot to hoist a lantern. 已入睡的船员全部忘了挂起提灯。
- 当先行词与定语从句被其他句子成分隔开时。(更多这样的例子可见隔离定语从句一文)
用例:
He is the only doctor in this hospital who I trust. 他是这家医院里我唯一信得过的医生。
- 当关系代词在从句中作主语且与谓语动词被分隔开时
用例:
He was a man who, if had been properly supported, would have worked wonders. 他是一个本该创造出奇迹的人,如果当时给予适应的支持的话。
- 当表示人的先行词由两个定语从句重叠修饰时(即双重定语从句),第二个定语从句只能用who/whom引导,而不能用that。而且第二个定语从句的引导词不能被省略。
用例:
The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton. 我所认识的唯一的在柜中藏骷嵝的人便是乔治. 卡尔顿。
同样的,有些情况下不能用who做先行词,只能用that:
- 在疑问句中,如果开头的疑问代词是who,为了避免重复,定语从句宜使用that引导而不用who, 如:
用例:
Who is the hero that must thus be sacrificed? 谁是需要作出牺牲的英雄呢?
Who is the scientist that first discovered radium? 首先发现镭的科学家是谁?
- 当先行词为疑问代词who, which时,如:
用例:
We all realized who that remark was aimed at. 我们都知道那话是对谁而言的。
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 我们中但凡知道点物理知识的人哪一个不懂这个?
用例:
He is no longer the man that he was. 他已经不是过去的他了。(先行词在定语从句中作表语)
He is not the fool (that) you thought him. 他不是你想像中的那个傻瓜。 (注:这条句子中 the fool 在定语从句中作宾语补足语,即 thought him the fool)
- 当先行词同时包含人和物时
用例:
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 撞倒老人的车和事主已被带到警局。
PS:关于who和whom在关系词中的使用
如在定语从句中作主语,只能用who, 介词后面只能用whom.
如作为宾语,who/whom均可使用。
PS:同样的可以思考,which和that作为先行词使用的条件
关系词的组合使用
除了which,who,whom,whose,that外,还可以讲关系词组合使用:
- 如:of whom和of which(近似于whose),可以用来修饰ew, little, some, most, many, much等(这些不能用whose来做关系词)
用例:
In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know. 房间里有很多人,很多人我不认识。
He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 他有很多故事书,有几本故事书我还从未看过。
更多可以参考文章 求定语从句中of which的用法
- 同理有些情况下可以用in which替换where或when,for which 替换 why等等
PS:关系词中,关系代词和关系副词的选择
- 什么是关系代词和关系副词
关系代词:which,who,whom,whose,that
关系副词: when,where,why (等效于 介词+which)
- 在使用中如何选择
看先行词是什么,
看定语从句缺什么,缺什么补什么
(未完待续……)