事件循环
浏览器中的事件循环
javascript 代码执行过程中,除了依靠函数调用栈来处理函数的执行顺序,还依靠任务队列(task queue)来处理另外一些代码的执行。整个执行过程我们称为事件循环过程。一个线程中事件循环是唯一的,但是任务队列可以拥有多个。任务队列又分为macro-task(宏任务)与micro-task(微任务)
macro-task 大概包括:
- script
- setTimeout
- setInterval
- setImmediate
- I/O
- UI render
micro-task大概包括:
- process.nextTick
- Promise
- MutationObserver
事件循环,宏任务,微任务之间的关系
总的结论是,执行宏任务,然后执行该宏任务产生的微任务,若微任务在执行过程中产生了新的微任务,则继续执行微任务,微任务执行完毕后,再回到宏任务中进行下一轮。
async function async1(){
await async2()
console.log('async1 end')
}
async function async2(){
console.log('async2 end')
}
async1()
setTimeout(function(){
console.log('setTimeout')
},0)
new Promise(resolve=>{
console.log('Promise')
resolve()
})
.then(function(){
console.log('promise1')
})
.then(function(){
console.log('promise2')
})
宏任务 | 微任务 |
---|---|
setTimeout | async1 end |
promise1 | |
promise2 |
结合流程图,答案输出为:async2 end => Promise => async1 end => promise1 => promise2 => setTimeout
Vue 中的 $nextTick
Vue 官方对 nextTick 这个API 的描述:
在下次 DOM 更新循环结束之后执行延迟回调。在修改数据之后立即使用这个方法,获取更新后的DOM
<template>
<div id="app">
<div ref='foo'>
{{foo}}
</div>
<button @click="changeFoo">改变foo</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data(){
return{
foo:'ready'
}
},
methods:{
changeFoo(){
this.foo='1'
console.log('foo ',this.foo,this.$refs['foo'].innerHTML) //打出来的Html还是ready , 但foo已经变成了1
this.$nextTick(()=>{
console.log('foo in NextTick',this.foo,this.$refs['foo'].innerHTML)//可以打印出 innerHTML为1
})
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
可能你还没有注意到,Vue 异步执行 DOM 更新。只要观察到数据变化,Vue将开启一个队列,并缓冲在同一事件循环中发生的所有数据改变。如果同一个 watcher 被多次触发,只会被推入到队列中一次。这种在缓冲是去除重复数据对于避免不必要的计算合 DOM 操作上非常重要。然后,在下一个的事件循环 "tick"中,Vue刷新队列并执行实际(已去重的)工作。Vue在内部尝试对异步队列使用原生的 Promise.then 和 MessageChannel,如果执行环境不支持,会采用 setTimeout(fn,0)代替
例如,当你设置 vm.someData = 'new value' ,该组件不会立即重新渲染。当刷新队列时,组件会在事件循环队列清空时的下一个“tick”更新。多数情况我们不需要关心这个过程,但是如果你想在 DOM 状态更新后做点什么,这就可能会有些棘手。虽然 Vue.js 通常鼓励开发人员沿着“数据驱动”的方式思考,避免直接接触 DOM,但是有时我们确实要这么做。为了在数据变化之后等待 Vue 完成更新 DOM ,可以在数据变化之后立即使用 Vue.nextTick(callback) 。这样回调函数在 DOM 更新完成后就会调用。
nextTick 源码浅析
watcher
src\core\observer\watcher.js
// 用来标记 watcher
let uid = 0
**
*
* @param {*} options watcher 的配置项
*/
export default class Watcher {
vm: Component;
expression: string;
cb: Function;
id: number;
deep: boolean;
user: boolean;
lazy: boolean;
sync: boolean;
dirty: boolean;
active: boolean;
deps: Array<Dep>;
newDeps: Array<Dep>;
depIds: SimpleSet;
newDepIds: SimpleSet;
before: ?Function;
getter: Function;
value: any;
constructor (
vm: Component,
expOrFn: string | Function,
cb: Function,
options?: ?Object,
isRenderWatcher?: boolean
) {
this.vm = vm
if (isRenderWatcher) {
vm._watcher = this
}
vm._watchers.push(this)
this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
// parse expression for getter
if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
this.getter = expOrFn
}
watcher.update
src\core\observer\watcher.js
/**
* 响应式数据更新时,dep 通知 watcher 执行 update 方法,
* dep.notify()之后watcher执⾏更新,执⾏⼊队操作
*/
update () {
/* istanbul ignore else */
// computed
if (this.lazy) {
this.dirty = true
} else if (this.sync) {
this.run()
} else {
// 入队
queueWatcher(this)
}
}
异步更新队列 queueWatcher(watcher)
core\observer\scheduler.js
export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) {
const id = watcher.id
// 去重
if (has[id] == null) {
has[id] = true
if (!flushing) {
// 入队
queue.push(watcher)
} else {
// if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id
// if already past its id, it will be run next immediately.
let i = queue.length - 1
while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) {
i--
}
queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher)
}
// queue the flush
if (!waiting) {
waiting = true
// 将flushSchedulerQueue以异步方式加入队列
nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)
}
}
}
function flushSchedulerQueue () {
//...
let watcher, id
for (index = 0; index < queue.length; index++) {
// 每次拿出一个watcher
watcher = queue[index]
id = watcher.id
has[id] = null
// 真正的操作是run方法做的
watcher.run()
}
//...
}
nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)
src\core\util\next-tick.js nextTick按照特定异步策略执⾏队列操作
/**
* 异步更新队列
*/
const callbacks = []
let pending = false
// 刷新回调函数数组
function flushCallbacks () {
pending = false
const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
callbacks.length = 0
// 遍历并执行
for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
copies[i]()
}
}
//根据环境定义timerFunc,优先采用微任务
let timerFunc
// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
const p = Promise.resolve()
timerFunc = () => {
p.then(flushCallbacks)
// In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
// it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
// microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
// needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
// "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
}
isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
isNative(MutationObserver) ||
// PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
// Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
// e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
// (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
let counter = 1
const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
observer.observe(textNode, {
characterData: true
})
timerFunc = () => {
counter = (counter + 1) % 2
textNode.data = String(counter)
}
isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
// Fallback to setImmediate.
// Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
// but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
timerFunc = () => {
setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
}
} else {
// Fallback to setTimeout.
timerFunc = () => {
setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
}
}
// 将cb函数放入回调队列队尾
export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
let _resolve
//这里多套一层为了处理异常
callbacks.push(() => {
if (cb) {
try {
cb.call(ctx)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
}
} else if (_resolve) {
_resolve(ctx)
}
})
if (!pending) {
pending = true
// 异步执行函数
timerFunc()
}
// $flow-disable-line
if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
return new Promise(resolve => {
_resolve = resolve
})
}
}
小结
- 异步:只要侦听到数据变化,Vue 将开启⼀个队列,并缓冲在同⼀事件循环中发⽣的所有数据变更。
- 批量:如果同⼀个 watcher 被多次触发,只会被推⼊到队列中⼀次。去重对于避免不必要的计算和 DOM 操作是⾮常重要的。然后,在下⼀个的事件循环“tick”中,Vue 刷新队列执⾏实际⼯作。
- 异步策略:Vue 在内部对异步队列尝试使⽤原⽣的 Promise.then、MutationObserver 或setImmediate,如果执⾏环境都不⽀持,则会采⽤ setTimeout 代替。