最近研究了下
hashmap 和 hashtable
linkedlist 和 arraylist
发现其中的一些知识总结下 他们都是使用什么实现的
首先介绍下链表和数组
数组
数组存储区间是连续的，占用内存严重，故空间复杂的很大。但数组的二分查找时间复杂度小，为O(1)；数组的特点是：寻址容易，插入和删除困难；
链表存储区间离散，占用内存比较宽松，故空间复杂度很小，但时间复杂度很大，达O（N）。链表的特点是：寻址困难，插入和删除容易。
linkedlist 使用的是链表实现的
//链表
private transient Entry<E> header = new Entry<E>(null, null, null);
//长度
private transient int size = 0;
//条目类
private static class Entry<E> {
E element;
Entry<E> next;
Entry<E> previous;
Entry(E element, Entry<E> next, Entry<E> previous) {
this.element = element;
this.next = next;
this.previous = previous;
}
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
//将数据添加到列表中
addBefore(e, header);
return true;
}
private Entry<E> addBefore(E e, Entry<E> entry) {
Entry<E> newEntry = new Entry<E>(e, entry, entry.previous);
newEntry.previous.next = newEntry;
newEntry.next.previous = newEntry;
size++;
modCount++;
return newEntry;
}
arraylist 使用的是数组实现的
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
*/
private transient Object[] elementData;
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacity(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
/**
* Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
* necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
* specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
Object oldData[] = elementData;
int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
}
hashmap 和 hashtable使用的是 hash表 实现的
哈希表
那么我们能不能综合两者的特性，做出一种寻址容易，插入删除也容易的数据结构？答案是肯定的，这就是我们要提起的哈希表。哈希表（(Hash table）既满足了数据的查找方便，同时不占用太多的内容空间，使用也十分方便。
看张图
数组和列表实现原理就是：
通过key值计算出hash值
通过hash值找到在数组中的位置
然后对hash值一样的放到对应的链表中 链表不断往后加
hashtable 大部分方法都加了 synchronized关键字所以是线程安全的并且 value不可以为null(下边是源码) key 如果等于nullname计算的hash值就等于0也就是说会放到第一个位置上
/**
* Hashtable collision list.
*/
private static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
int hash;
K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> next;
/**
* Maps the specified <code>key</code> to the specified
* <code>value</code> in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
* value can be <code>null</code>. <p>
*
* The value can be retrieved by calling the <code>get</code> method
* with a key that is equal to the original key.
*
* @param key the hashtable key
* @param value the value
* @return the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
* or <code>null</code> if it did not have one
* @exception NullPointerException if the key or value is
* <code>null</code>
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see #get(Object)
*/
public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
// Make sure the value is not null
if (value == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
// Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
Entry tab[] = table;
int hash = key.hashCode();
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
V old = e.value;
e.value = value;
return old;
}
}
modCount++;
if (count >= threshold) {
// Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
rehash();
tab = table;
index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
}
// Creates the new entry.
Entry<K,V> e = tab[index];
tab[index] = new Entry<K,V>(hash, key, value, e);
count++;
return null;
}
hashmap key value都可以为null（“下边是源码”）如果key等于null 将放到第一个位置，如果第一个位置有内容将被替换
static class Entry<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final K key;
V value;
Entry<K,V> next;
final int hash;
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
/**
* Offloaded version of put for null keys
*/
private V putForNullKey(V value) {
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
return null;
}
总结
hashmap和hashtable 是使用哈希表实现的（也就是 数组加链表一起实现的）
linkedlist 是使用链表实现的
arraylist是使用数组实现的
