Springboot (Jetty、Tomcat)服务优雅下线

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1. 背景问题

  • 问题背景描述

    运维同事反馈上线滚动发布,旧实例接收的请求发生业务中断,没有处理完成, 为保证服务质量,期望发布时旧实例将已有请求处理完成再回收。本质其实就是微服务优雅下线的问题。

  • 为什么要解决这个问题

    先说可能会带来的影响:
    (1)业务处理中断
    导致数据不完整,属于致命危害。
    举例:文件写入中断,文件数据不完整;支付完成,本地业务处理失败。
    应用是可以通过一些手段保证业务流程,比如业务补偿、幂等设计、状态机严格控制,这要求编程时考虑因素更大,即使能做到这些,也会带来维护成本,出现问题需要排查,甚至人工补偿,保证数据完整性。
    (2)已下线的服务继续提供服务
    微服务一般都由注册中心提供的服务自动发现机制,在一定时间范围内,即使服务下线,注册中心和服务有心跳时间窗口,比如eureka默认是30S,这个时间窗口内,注册中心不会下线服务,导致上游调用该服务大量报错,引发告警甚至熔断,业务请求大量失败。

    服务不存在绝对的优雅下线,一方面有断电、拔电源等外在因素;还有kill -15后应用本身不能在正常下线窗口时间范围内处理完成业务,触发 kill -9,发生业务中断。
    但我们可以在可以控制的范围内,做到优雅下线。

    kill 本质上是发送一个信号,而信号量是进程间的一种异步通信机制;
    kill 15,系统向应用发送SIGTERM(15)信号,该信号是可以被执行、阻塞和忽略的,应用程序接收到信号后,可以做很多事情,甚至可以决定不终止;
    kill 9, 系统会发出SIGKILL(9)信号,由操作系统内核完成杀进程操作,该信号不允许忽略和阻塞,所以应用程序会立即终止;
    发布时,一般都是先执行kill 15 ,并设置一个合理的下线处理时间窗口,如果在时间窗口内没有完成业务处理,则kill 9 强行进程杀。

2. 优雅下线要解决的问题

  • 处理完已经接受的请求
    (1)正常执行完成后台业务逻辑
    (2)调用方接收正常处理完成的信号
  • 不再接收新的请求
    目前部署架构和发布方式,发布采用滚动发布的方式,k8s已经实现了停机时将服务从注册列表自动移除的机制。
    k8s对pod是有一个terminationGracePeriodSeconds的配置项(默认是30秒),当采用RollingUpdate方式更新应用时,一个新pod起来并经过health check后,会通知k8s终止一个pod。
    Pod被设置为Terminating状态,并从k8s的service/endpoint列表中删除,Pod停止获得新流量。
    K8S向Pod中的容器发送SIGTERM(kill 15)信号,通知应用进程。

这给应用层面省去了不少麻烦,不然得下线时挂钩子(shutdownHook)将服务主动从注册列表移除,还没那么简单,容器重启服务时,如果发布前后ip无变化,还得对外暴露接口,配置执行脚本将服务加入注册列表,需要一整套方案去保证。

	DiscoveryManager.getInstance().shutdownComponent();

3. 问题验证

  • 测试验证

测试环境保持和生产一致:Springboot v1.5.7.RELEASE 内嵌 jetty-9.4.6.v20170531,测试指令kill 15。

测试代码:

    @GetMapping("/test")
    public String test1(@RequestBody Map<String, Integer> params) throws InterruptedException {
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(params.get("s"));
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " finished");
        return "m1";
    }
Jetty 停机日志:可以看到系统会处理完成请求,但是客户端接收不到响应

2021-05-30 12:47:26.190  INFO 1235 --- [           main] .s.b.c.e.j.JettyEmbeddedServletContainer : Jetty started on port(s) 8080 (http/1.1)
2021-05-30 12:47:41.030  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Closing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@709ba3fb: startup date [Sun May 30 12:47:25 CST 2021]; root of context hierarchy
2021-05-30 12:47:41.033  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter        : Unregistering JMX-exposed beans on shutdown
2021-05-30 12:47:41.047  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] o.e.jetty.server.AbstractConnector       : Stopped ServerConnector@3185fa6b{HTTP/1.1,[http/1.1]}{0.0.0.0:8080}
2021-05-30 12:47:41.047  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] org.eclipse.jetty.server.session         : Stopped scavenging
2021-05-30 12:47:41.049  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] o.e.j.s.h.ContextHandler.application     : Destroying Spring FrameworkServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-30 12:47:41.049  INFO 1235 --- [      Thread-14] o.e.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler  : Stopped o.s.b.c.e.j.JettyEmbeddedWebAppContext@7651218e{/,[file:///private/var/folders/kt/428mmnyd6vj_bgzz5xrfgtfm0000gn/T/jetty-docbase.8898877921167659801.8080/],UNAVAILABLE}
qtp1805164661-19 finished

Process finished with exit code 143 (interrupted by signal 15: SIGTERM)

客户端响应
org.apache.http.NoHttpResponseException: localhost:8080 failed to respond
tomcat 停机日志:可以看到系统收到指令,业务中断

2021-05-30 12:44:27.042  INFO 1177 --- [           main] s.b.c.e.t.TomcatEmbeddedServletContainer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http)
2021-05-30 12:44:27.046  INFO 1177 --- [           main] c.e.c.test.BrpcClientTestApplication     : Started BrpcClientTestApplication in 1.634 seconds (JVM running for 2.076)
2021-05-30 12:44:39.702  INFO 1177 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring FrameworkServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-30 12:44:39.702  INFO 1177 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : FrameworkServlet 'dispatcherServlet': initialization started
2021-05-30 12:44:39.733  INFO 1177 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet        : FrameworkServlet 'dispatcherServlet': initialization completed in 31 ms
2021-05-30 12:44:41.519  INFO 1177 --- [       Thread-6] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Closing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@21a947fe: startup date [Sun May 30 12:44:25 CST 2021]; root of context hierarchy
2021-05-30 12:44:41.522  INFO 1177 --- [       Thread-6] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter        : Unregistering JMX-exposed beans on shutdown

Process finished with exit code 143 (interrupted by signal 15: SIGTERM)

客户端响应
org.apache.http.NoHttpResponseException: localhost:8080 failed to respond
  • Springboot对优雅关闭的支持
根据关闭打印日志可以看到,关闭相关类AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext,
父类AbstractApplicationContext提供了对优雅下线的扩展支持,Springboot 在关闭时,如果有请求没有响应完,
在不同的容器会出现不同的结果,实际上具体关闭处理是交给具体容器自己实现的。
贴一下关键源码:

	/**
	 * Register a shutdown hook with the JVM runtime, closing this context
	 * on JVM shutdown unless it has already been closed at that time.
	 * <p>Delegates to {@code doClose()} for the actual closing procedure.
	 * @see Runtime#addShutdownHook
	 * @see #close()
	 * @see #doClose()
	 */
	@Override
	public void registerShutdownHook() {
		if (this.shutdownHook == null) {
			// No shutdown hook registered yet.
			this.shutdownHook = new Thread() {
				@Override
				public void run() {
					synchronized (startupShutdownMonitor) {
						doClose();
					}
				}
			};
			Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(this.shutdownHook);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Actually performs context closing: publishes a ContextClosedEvent and
	 * destroys the singletons in the bean factory of this application context.
	 * <p>Called by both {@code close()} and a JVM shutdown hook, if any.
	 * @see org.springframework.context.event.ContextClosedEvent
	 * @see #destroyBeans()
	 * @see #close()
	 * @see #registerShutdownHook()
	 */
	protected void doClose() {
		if (this.active.get() && this.closed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
			if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
				logger.info("Closing " + this);
			}

			LiveBeansView.unregisterApplicationContext(this);

			try {
				// Publish shutdown event.
				publishEvent(new ContextClosedEvent(this));
			}
			catch (Throwable ex) {
				logger.warn("Exception thrown from ApplicationListener handling ContextClosedEvent", ex);
			}

			// Stop all Lifecycle beans, to avoid delays during individual destruction.
			try {
				getLifecycleProcessor().onClose();
			}
			catch (Throwable ex) {
				logger.warn("Exception thrown from LifecycleProcessor on context close", ex);
			}

			// Destroy all cached singletons in the context's BeanFactory.
			destroyBeans();

			// Close the state of this context itself.
			closeBeanFactory();

			// Let subclasses do some final clean-up if they wish...
			onClose();

			this.active.set(false);
		}
	}
  • 为什么tomcat默认不会优雅关闭?
    tomcat 未对服务关闭事件做特殊处理,业务处理中断,调用方报错。
  • jetty的优雅关闭有什么问题?
    接收到的请求能继续处理,调用方会报错,原因是Jetty中Server.stop()方法先关闭connections,然后处理队列中未完成的request,request完成后,由于connection已经关闭了,响应不能写回去了。

4. Springboot内嵌容器优雅停机的处理方案

  • Spring Boot 2.3 及以上版本,开箱即用
## 开启优雅停机, 如果不配置是默认IMMEDIATE, 立即停机
server.shutdown=graceful
## 优雅停机宽限期时间
spring.lifecycle.timeout-per-shutdown-phase=30s
2021-05-30 13:42:20.211  INFO 3103 --- [extShutdownHook] o.s.b.web.embedded.jetty.JettyWebServer  : Commencing graceful shutdown. Waiting for active requests to complete
qtp1662592920-27 finished
2021-05-30 13:42:25.545  INFO 3103 --- [ jetty-shutdown] o.s.b.web.embedded.jetty.JettyWebServer  : Graceful shutdown complete
  • Spring Boot 2.3 以下版本
    相当于手动实现高版本功能,完美一点,可以做开关和关闭时间可配置化
    (1) Jetty 实现:
    先看一下jetty核心类org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server两个关键的方法
    
    /**
     * Set a graceful stop time.
     * The {@link StatisticsHandler} must be configured so that open connections can
     * be tracked for a graceful shutdown.
     * @see org.eclipse.jetty.util.component.ContainerLifeCycle#setStopTimeout(long)
     */
    @Override
    public void setStopTimeout(long stopTimeout)
    {
        super.setStopTimeout(stopTimeout);
    }
    
    /** Set stop server at shutdown behaviour.
     * @param stop If true, this server instance will be explicitly stopped when the
     * JVM is shutdown. Otherwise the JVM is stopped with the server running.
     * @see Runtime#addShutdownHook(Thread)
     * @see ShutdownThread
     */
    public void setStopAtShutdown(boolean stop)
    
    解决方法:Jetty 是用 StatisticsHandler 做请求数量监控,关闭应用时,请求数量从N变为O的过程其实就是优雅关闭。
 
    @Bean
    public EmbeddedServletContainerFactory jettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory() {
        JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory factory = new JettyEmbeddedServletContainerFactory();
        factory.addServerCustomizers(server -> {
            server.setStopAtShutdown(false);
            StatisticsHandler statisticsHandler = new StatisticsHandler();
            statisticsHandler.setHandler(server.getHandler());
            server.setHandler(statisticsHandler);
            server.setStopTimeout(30000); // 为了简单,写死30s
        });
        return factory;
    }
2021-05-30 12:50:24.410  INFO 1282 --- [           main] .s.b.c.e.j.JettyEmbeddedServletContainer : Jetty started on port(s) 8080 (http/1.1)
2021-05-30 12:50:54.196  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Closing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@709ba3fb: startup date [Sun May 30 12:50:23 CST 2021]; root of context hierarchy
2021-05-30 12:50:54.199  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] o.s.j.e.a.AnnotationMBeanExporter        : Unregistering JMX-exposed beans on shutdown
qtp548482954-17 finished
2021-05-30 12:51:16.503  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] o.e.jetty.server.AbstractConnector       : Stopped ServerConnector@545de5a4{HTTP/1.1,[http/1.1]}{0.0.0.0:8080}
2021-05-30 12:51:16.503  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] org.eclipse.jetty.server.session         : Stopped scavenging
2021-05-30 12:51:16.505  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] o.e.j.s.h.ContextHandler.application     : Destroying Spring FrameworkServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-30 12:51:16.505  INFO 1282 --- [      Thread-13] o.e.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler  : Stopped o.s.b.c.e.j.JettyEmbeddedWebAppContext@32f0fba8{/,[file:///private/var/folders/kt/428mmnyd6vj_bgzz5xrfgtfm0000gn/T/jetty-docbase.2324546490925478110.8080/],UNAVAILABLE}

Process finished with exit code 143 (interrupted by signal 15: SIGTERM)

客户端响应
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 30 May 2021 04:50:46 GMT
Content-Type: application/json;charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 2

m1

Response code: 200 (OK); Time: 30145ms; Content length: 2 bytes

(2) Tomcat 实现:

    @Bean
    public EmbeddedServletContainerCustomizer tomcatCustomizer() {
        return container -> {
            if (container instanceof TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) {
                ((TomcatEmbeddedServletContainerFactory) container).addConnectorCustomizers(new GracefulShutdown());
            }
        };
    }

    private static class GracefulShutdown implements TomcatConnectorCustomizer,
            ApplicationListener<ContextClosedEvent> {

        private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GracefulShutdown.class);
        private volatile Connector connector;

        @Override
        public void customize(Connector connector) {
            this.connector = connector;
        }

        @Override
        public void onApplicationEvent(ContextClosedEvent event) {
            this.connector.pause();
            Executor executor = this.connector.getProtocolHandler().getExecutor();
            if (executor instanceof ThreadPoolExecutor) {
                try {
                    ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = (ThreadPoolExecutor) executor;
                    threadPoolExecutor.shutdown();
                    if (!threadPoolExecutor.awaitTermination(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
                        log.warn("Force shutdown ...");
                    }
                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                }
            }
        }
    }
	

5. 开发需要注意的事项

  • 评估每个服务停机处理完请求需要的下线时间
  • 保证应用在下线指定时间内的请求都能正常处理并且响应调用方
  • 手动对自定义线程资源优雅下线 业务处理线程资源释放示例:
    @Bean
    public ExecutorService bizExecutorService() {
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        // shutdownAndAwaitTermination  可以参考guava线程池优雅关闭
        Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(() -> shutdownAndAwaitTermination(executorService, 10l, TimeUnit.SECONDS)));
        return executorService;
    }
  • 对生产发布因未在指定时间内完成的业务请求进行监控,并优化性能

6. 参考资料

github.com/spring-proj…
github.com/eclipse/jet…
github.com/timpeeters/…