Android消息机制-handler(笔记文)

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---笔记文,非专业文章,如有表述模糊的请参阅其他大神文章或源码,有错误多谢指正

Handler是Android消息机制的上层接口,开发过程中开发者只需要和Handler交互即可。 Handler对Android开发者来说主要作用是更新UI,实际上这只是对Handler的一种特殊场景应用。本质上Handler主要完成切换线程操作。 

一、为什么在子线程不能更新UI

在View的

requestLayout

过程中会调用

ViewRootImpl 的 checkThread 方法

void checkThread() {   
 if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {    
    throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(      
          "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");  
  }
}

在ViewRootImpl创建过程中   mThread = Thread.currentThread(),也就是说如果我们在子线程thread1中创建一个View,那么此View也只能在thread1中被修改。一般被创建的View都在UI线程中被创建。如果在子线程中更新UI,上述checkThread()会抛出异常引起程序崩溃。

为什么Android系统会使用checkThread来禁止子线程访问UI?UI控件不是线程安全的,并发访问会导致UI控件处于不可预知的状态,而UI上锁会降低UI访问效率。

二、ThreadLocal

ThreadLocal是一个线程内部的数据存储类,通过它可以在指定的线程中存储数据,数据存储以后,只有在指定的线程中可以获取到存储的数据。Looper的作用域就是当前线程,因此使用THreadLocal存取Looper非常合适。按照以上对ThreadLocal的作用描述,一个全局HashMap也可以实现类似功能,为什么系统没采用呢?

  1.安全性,一个全局hashmap可以在已知线程描述的情况下在任意线程使用其他线程作为key取出hashmap中的looper,显然这不符合looper的作用域,难以保证其安全性。

  2.复用性,如果使用hashmap系统需要给looper提供一个LooperManager,同理ActivityThread和AMS同样应用到了ThreadLocal,也就需要对应的Manager。

  3.弱引用,ThreadLocal内部封装了value的弱引用,在value需要被销毁时无需考虑ThreadLocal处的内存泄漏。

三、MessageQueue

Message mMessages;//单链表数据结构队列

入队方法:

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }
    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
/**
如果当前队列正在退出,抛出异常
*/
            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
            msg.recycle();
            return false;
        }
        msg.markInUse();
        msg.when = when;
        Message p = mMessages;
        boolean needWake;
        //如果当前列表为空或when = 0 或 when先于队首message执行,message插入队首
        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
            // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
            msg.next = p;
            mMessages = msg;
            needWake = mBlocked;
        } else {//否则遍历队列找到合适位置入队
            // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
            // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
            // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
            Message prev;
            for (;;) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
                if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                    break;
                }
                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                    needWake = false;
                }
            }
            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
            prev.next = msg;
        }
        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.唤醒native
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

next是一个无限循环方法,当消息队列中没有消息时,next方法会一直阻塞,直到新消息入队,next方法会返回这条消息。

Message next() {
    // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
    // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
    // which is not supported.
    final long ptr = mPtr;
    if (ptr == 0) {
        return null;
    }
    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1;
 // -1 only during first iteration
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }
        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
        synchronized (this) {
            // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
            // 此处会判断是否有同步屏障,同步屏障会让next忽略同步消息优先处理异步消息
            // 我们常用的 handler = new Handler(),用此handler发送的消息实际上就是同步消息
            // 如果有需求使用同步屏障一定要谨慎处理
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                //找到队列里的下一个异步消息  忽略同步消息
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                    // 下一条消息没到时间 - 设置超时时间唤醒native
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {
                    // Got a message.
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;
                }
            } else {
                // No more messages.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }
            // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
            if (mQuitting) {
                dispose();
                return null;
            }
            // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
            // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
            // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                    && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
            }
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                mBlocked = true;
                continue;
            }
            if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
            }
            mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
        }
        // Run the idle handlers.
        // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
        for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
            final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
            mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
            boolean keep = false;
            try {
                //是否保存idle 取决于器queueIdle方法
                keep = idler.queueIdle();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
            }
            if (!keep) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                }
            }
        }
        // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
        pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
        // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
        // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
        nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;    }
}

四 Looper:

Looper 会不停地从MessageQueue中查询是否有新消息,如果有就立即处理,否则阻塞。

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
    mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

构造方法为私有,我们无法使用构造方法创建一个looper

public static void prepare() {
    prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

其构造方法在prepare方法中被使用,在prepare new一个Looper对象之外还会把对象放在ThreadLocal中。

创建好Looper之后还需要调用Looper的loop方法让Looper开始工作。

五。Handler

  handler作为Android消息机制的应用层API,主要包含发送和接收过程。消息的放可以通过post和send一系列方法实现,这些方法的最终都是通过sendMessageAtTime方法将消息放入MessageQueue。

Handler 发送消息的过程是往消息队列里插入一条消息。Looper的循环过程中会通过MessageQueue的next方法将消息返回给looper,looper处理之后会调用Handler的dispatchMessage方法进入handler的消息处理阶段。

Handler会优先检测message的callback是否为空,如果不为空就通过handleCallback来处理消息。Message的callback就是一个Runnable对象

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
    message.callback.run();
}

六、IdleHandler

  idleHandler并不属于Handler类,它是MessageQueue内定义的一个接口,内部包含一个queueIdle方法,并通过MessageQueue对象的addIdleHandler方法将实现idleHandler的实例传入MessageQuee的mIdleHandlers列表中。反观MessageQueue的next方法我们可以得出,IdleHandler对象只会在MessageQueue消息队列没有内容需要处理的时候才会被执行,并且会根据queueIdle根方法的返回值决定是否继续保留此IdleHandler对象,如果返回true则其会被保留并在next方法下次没有需要处理的消息的时候执行。

public static interface IdleHandler {   
   boolean queueIdle();
}

public void addIdleHandler(@NonNull IdleHandler handler) {
    if (handler == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("Can't add a null IdleHandler");
    }
    synchronized (this) {
        mIdleHandlers.add(handler);
    }
}

七、主线程的消息循环

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
    // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
    // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
    // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
    CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
    Environment.initForCurrentUser();
    // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
    EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
    // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
    final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
    TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
    Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    // Find the value for {@link #PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT} if provided on the command line.
    // It will be in the format "seq=114"
    long startSeq = 0;
    if (args != null) {
        for (int i = args.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
            if (args[i] != null && args[i].startsWith(PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT)) {
                startSeq = Long.parseLong(
                        args[i].substring(PROC_START_SEQ_IDENT.length()));
            }
        }
    }
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false, startSeq);
    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }
    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }
    // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

  Android的主线程是ActivityThread.在主线程的入口方法main中会调用

Looper.prepareMainLooper();

,通过此方法创建主线程的Looper和MessageQueue。在main方法的最后通过Looper.loop()

来开启主线程的消息循环,自此Activity的main方法进入死循环,任何需要运行在主线程的内容都需要通过ActivityThread中的Handler--ActivityThread.H来执行。