一段优美规范的 javascript 代码,会令人心情愉悦,易于理解、维护和扩展;而遇到糟糕的代码,恨不得把那个他暴打一顿再删了重写。
接下来,本文将通过 bad 和 good 代码示例进行优良比对。
并不是每一个原则都必须严格遵守,更不会得到普遍认同,这只是指导方案。
变量 Variables
语义化名称 ✅
Bad:
const yyyymmdstr = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");
Good:
const currentDate = moment().format("YYYY/MM/DD");
CONST 常量 ✅
Bad:
// What the heck is 86400000 for?
setTimeout(blastOff, 86400000);
Good:
// Declare them as capitalized named constants.
const MILLISECONDS_IN_A_DAY = 60 * 60 * 24 * 1000; //86400000;
setTimeout(blastOff, MILLISECONDS_IN_A_DAY);
解释型变量 ✅
Bad:
const address = "One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014";
const cityZipCodeRegex = /^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;
saveCityZipCode(
address.match(cityZipCodeRegex)[1],
address.match(cityZipCodeRegex)[2]
);
Good:
const address = "One Infinite Loop, Cupertino 95014";
const cityZipCodeRegex = /^[^,\\]+[,\\\s]+(.+?)\s*(\d{5})?$/;
const [_, city, zipCode] = address.match(cityZipCodeRegex) || [];
// so we will know the two paramters means
saveCityZipCode(city, zipCode);
默认参数,而非短路求值 ✅
默认参数通常比短路求值(Short-circuit evaluation)更简洁。
好处是,如果使用默认参数,函数将只为未定义的参数提供默认值。其他 “falsy” 值(如''、""、false、null、0和NaN)将不会替换为默认值。
Bad:
function createMicrobrewery(name) {
const breweryName = name || "Hipster Brew Co.";
// ...
}
Good:
function createMicrobrewery(name = "Hipster Brew Co.") {
// ...
}
避免冗余上下文 ❌
在 class/object 中,不必要再提及主体。
Bad:
const Car = {
carMake: "Honda",
carModel: "Accord",
carColor: "Blue"
};
function paintCar(car) {
car.carColor = "Red";
}
Good:
const Car = {
make: "Honda",
model: "Accord",
color: "Blue"
};
function paintCar(car) {
car.color = "Red";
}
函数 Functions
参数少于 3 位 ✅
限制函数参数的数量是非常重要的,这样测试起来更容易。有 3 个以上的参数函数需要独立对它进行测试,这很糟糕。
理想情况是 1 到 2 位参数。若你的函数需更多参数,在大多数情况下,一个对象作为参数就足够了。
Bad:
function createMenu(title, body, buttonText, cancellable) {
// ...
}
createMenu("Foo", "Bar", "Baz", true);
Good:
function createMenu({ title, body, buttonText, cancellable }) {
// ...
}
createMenu({
title: "Foo",
body: "Bar",
buttonText: "Baz",
cancellable: true
});
职责单一 ✅
这是目前软件开发中最重要的规则。如果函数多个职责,那么它很难复用、测试和推断;单一职责的函数清晰且容易重构。
Bad:
function emailClients(clients) {
clients.forEach(client => {
const clientRecord = database.lookup(client);
if (clientRecord.isActive()) {
email(client);
}
});
}
Good:
function emailActiveClients(clients) {
clients.filter(isActiveClient).forEach(email);
}
function isActiveClient(client) {
const clientRecord = database.lookup(client);
return clientRecord.isActive();
}
顾名思义 ✅
Bad:
function addToDate(date, month) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
// It's hard to tell from the function name what is added
addToDate(date, 1);
Good:
function addMonthToDate(month, date) {
// ...
}
const date = new Date();
addMonthToDate(1, date);
Object.assign 设置默认对象值 ✅
Bad:
const menuConfig = {
title: null,
body: "Bar",
buttonText: null,
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
config.title = config.title || "Foo";
config.body = config.body || "Bar";
config.buttonText = config.buttonText || "Baz";
config.cancellable =
config.cancellable !== undefined ? config.cancellable : true;
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
Good:
const menuConfig = {
title: "Order",
// User did not include 'body' key
buttonText: "Send",
cancellable: true
};
function createMenu(config) {
let finalConfig = Object.assign(
{
title: "Foo",
body: "Bar",
buttonText: "Baz",
cancellable: true
},
config
);
return finalConfig
// config now equals: {title: "Order", body: "Bar", buttonText: "Send", cancellable: true}
// ...
}
createMenu(menuConfig);
函数式编程 ✅
函数式编程更容易理解和测试。
Bad:
const programmerOutput = [
{
name: "Uncle Bobby",
linesOfCode: 500
},
{
name: "Suzie Q",
linesOfCode: 1500
},
{
name: "Jimmy Gosling",
linesOfCode: 150
},
{
name: "Gracie Hopper",
linesOfCode: 1000
}
];
let totalOutput = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < programmerOutput.length; i++) {
totalOutput += programmerOutput[i].linesOfCode;
}
Good:
const programmerOutput = [
{
name: "Uncle Bobby",
linesOfCode: 500
},
{
name: "Suzie Q",
linesOfCode: 1500
},
{
name: "Jimmy Gosling",
linesOfCode: 150
},
{
name: "Gracie Hopper",
linesOfCode: 1000
}
];
const totalOutput = programmerOutput.reduce(
(totalLines, output) => totalLines + output.linesOfCode,
0
);
避免重复代码 ❌
代码重复意味着,如果改动一处逻辑,那么所有重复处都需要改变。我们应将它们很好地抽象出来。
Bad:
function showDeveloperList(developers) {
developers.forEach(developer => {
const expectedSalary = developer.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = developer.getExperience();
const githubLink = developer.getGithubLink();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
githubLink
};
render(data);
});
}
function showManagerList(managers) {
managers.forEach(manager => {
const expectedSalary = manager.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = manager.getExperience();
const portfolio = manager.getMBAProjects();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience,
portfolio
};
render(data);
});
}
Good:
function showEmployeeList(employees) {
employees.forEach(employee => {
const expectedSalary = employee.calculateExpectedSalary();
const experience = employee.getExperience();
const data = {
expectedSalary,
experience
};
switch (employee.type) {
case "manager":
data.portfolio = employee.getMBAProjects();
break;
case "developer":
data.githubLink = employee.getGithubLink();
break;
}
render(data);
});
}
避免 flag 作为参数 ❌
如果你的函数通过 flag 做了不止一件事,这是不好的。若 flag 为 boolean 值,那么请将它们拆开。
Bad:
function createFile(name, temp) {
if (temp) {
fs.create(`./temp/${name}`);
} else {
fs.create(name);
}
}
Good:
function createFile(name) {
fs.create(name);
}
function createTempFile(name) {
createFile(`./temp/${name}`);
}
避免副作用 ❌
如果函数除了接收参数、返回值外,还进行了其他操作就会产生副作用。
一个副作用可能是,修改一些全局变量、入参,或者不小心把你所有的钱都汇给了一个陌生人。
有两点:
-
在某些情况下,你可能真的想要修改输入对象,但是当你采用这种编程实践时,您会发现这些情况非常罕见。大多数东西都可以重构,没有副作用!
-
克隆大对象在性能方面可能非常昂贵。幸运的是,这在实践中并不是一个大问题,因为有一些很棒的库允许这种编程方法速度更快,并且不像手动克隆对象和数组那样占用内存。
Bad:
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
cart.push({ item, date: Date.now() });
};
Good:
const addItemToCart = (cart, item) => {
return [...cart, { item, date: Date.now() }];
};
避免全局函数 ❌
在 JavaScript 中,污染 global 是一种不好的做法,因为你可能会与另一个库发生冲突,并且库的 API 使用用户在开发中遇到异常之前不会想到。
让我们思考一个例子:如果你想扩展 JavaScript 的原生数组方法,使其具有可以显示两个数组之间差异的 diff 方法,该怎么办?你可以将diff 函数写入 Array.prototype,但它可能会与另一个试图做同样事情的库发生冲突。如果另一个库只是使用 diff 来查找数组的第一个元素和最后一个元素之间的差异呢?这就是为什么只使用 ES2015/ES6 class 简单地扩展原生数组会很好。
Bad:
Array.prototype.diff = function diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
};
Good:
class SuperArray extends Array {
diff(comparisonArray) {
const hash = new Set(comparisonArray);
return this.filter(elem => !hash.has(elem));
}
}
避免条件非判断 ❌
Bad:
function isDOMNodeNotPresent(node) {
// ...
}
if (!isDOMNodeNotPresent(node)) {
// ...
}
Good:
function isDOMNodePresent(node) {
// ...
}
if (isDOMNodePresent(node)) {
// ...
}
对象和数据结构 Objects and Data Structures
使用 getters 和 setters ✅
使用 getter 和 setter 来访问对象上的数据可能比简单地查找对象上的属性要好:
get统一处理返回结果,调整更方便。set值时,可以方便添加验证。- 内部封装功能实现。
- 当
get或set时,容易捕获日志和错误。 - 可实现异步获取。
Bad:
function makeBankAccount() {
// ...
return {
balance: 0
// ...
};
}
const account = makeBankAccount();
account.balance = 100;
Good:
function makeBankAccount() {
// this one is private
let balance = 0;
// a "getter", made public via the returned object below
function getBalance() {
return balance;
}
// a "setter", made public via the returned object below
function setBalance(amount) {
// ... validate before updating the balance
balance = amount;
}
return {
// ...
getBalance,
setBalance
};
}
const account = makeBankAccount();
account.setBalance(100);
object 私有成员 ✅
这可以实现闭包。
Bad:
const Employee = function(name) {
this.name = name;
};
Employee.prototype.getName = function getName() {
return this.name;
};
const employee = new Employee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: undefined
Good:
function makeEmployee(name) {
return {
getName() {
return name;
}
};
}
const employee = makeEmployee("John Doe");
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
delete employee.name;
console.log(`Employee name: ${employee.getName()}`); // Employee name: John Doe
类 Class
ES6 class 替代 ES5 function ✅
ES6 的类清晰简单;ES5 类的继承、定义等实现起来代码会很复杂。
Bad:
const Animal = function(age) {
if (!(this instanceof Animal)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Animal with `new`");
}
this.age = age;
};
Animal.prototype.move = function move() {};
const Mammal = function(age, furColor) {
if (!(this instanceof Mammal)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Mammal with `new`");
}
Animal.call(this, age);
this.furColor = furColor;
};
Mammal.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Mammal.prototype.constructor = Mammal;
Mammal.prototype.liveBirth = function liveBirth() {};
const Human = function(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
if (!(this instanceof Human)) {
throw new Error("Instantiate Human with `new`");
}
Mammal.call(this, age, furColor);
this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
};
Human.prototype = Object.create(Mammal.prototype);
Human.prototype.constructor = Human;
Human.prototype.speak = function speak() {};
Good:
class Animal {
constructor(age) {
this.age = age;
}
move() {
/* ... */
}
}
class Mammal extends Animal {
constructor(age, furColor) {
super(age);
this.furColor = furColor;
}
liveBirth() {
/* ... */
}
}
class Human extends Mammal {
constructor(age, furColor, languageSpoken) {
super(age, furColor);
this.languageSpoken = languageSpoken;
}
speak() {
/* ... */
}
}
使用方法链 ✅
Bad:
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
}
}
const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red");
car.setColor("pink");
car.save();
Good:
class Car {
constructor(make, model, color) {
this.make = make;
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}
setMake(make) {
this.make = make;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setModel(model) {
this.model = model;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
setColor(color) {
this.color = color;
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
save() {
console.log(this.make, this.model, this.color);
// NOTE: Returning this for chaining
return this;
}
}
const car = new Car("Ford", "F-150", "red").setColor("pink").save();
组合优于继承 ✅
你可能会想,“那我这~,应该在什么时候使用继承?”,这取决于你面对的问题,下面给个列表,这时继承比组合更好:
- 你的继承表示
is-a关系,而不是has-a关系 (Human->Animal vs User->UserDetails)。 - 你可以重用基类代码(人可以像所有动物一样移动)。
- 要通过更改基类对派生类进行全局更改(改变所有动物运动时的热量消耗)。
Bad:
class Employee {
constructor(name, email) {
this.name = name;
this.email = email;
}
// ...
}
// Bad because Employees "have" tax data. EmployeeTaxData is not a type of Employee
class EmployeeTaxData extends Employee {
constructor(ssn, salary) {
super();
this.ssn = ssn;
this.salary = salary;
}
// ...
}
Good:
class EmployeeTaxData {
constructor(ssn, salary) {
this.ssn = ssn;
this.salary = salary;
}
// ...
}
class Employee {
constructor(name, email) {
this.name = name;
this.email = email;
}
setTaxData(ssn, salary) {
this.taxData = new EmployeeTaxData(ssn, salary);
}
// ...
}
面向对象 SOLID
单一功能原则 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
正如 Clean Code 中所述,“一个类改变的原因永远不要超过一个”。把一个有很多功能的类挤在一起是很诱人的,比如当你只能带一个行李箱上飞机的时候。这样做的问题是,你的类在概念上不是内聚的,它很可能改变。尽量减少更改类的时间非常重要。这一点很重要,因为如果一个类中有太多的功能,而你修改了其中的一部分,那么很难想象这将如何影响代码库中的其他依赖模块。
Bad:
class UserSettings {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
}
changeSettings(settings) {
if (this.verifyCredentials()) {
// ...
}
}
verifyCredentials() {
// ...
}
}
Good:
class UserAuth {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
}
verifyCredentials() {
// ...
}
}
class UserSettings {
constructor(user) {
this.user = user;
this.auth = new UserAuth(user);
}
changeSettings(settings) {
if (this.auth.verifyCredentials()) {
// ...
}
}
}
开闭原则 Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
正如 Bertrand Meyer 所说:“软件实体(类、模块、函数等)应该对扩展开放,但对修改关闭。” 这是什么意思呢?这个原则基本上是说,你应该允许用户在不更改现有代码的情况下添加新功能。
Bad:
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
}
}
class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "nodeAdapter";
}
}
class HttpRequester {
constructor(adapter) {
this.adapter = adapter;
}
fetch(url) {
if (this.adapter.name === "ajaxAdapter") {
return makeAjaxCall(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
} else if (this.adapter.name === "nodeAdapter") {
return makeHttpCall(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
}
}
}
function makeAjaxCall(url) {
// request and return promise
}
function makeHttpCall(url) {
// request and return promise
}
Good:
class AjaxAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "ajaxAdapter";
}
request(url) {
// request and return promise
}
}
class NodeAdapter extends Adapter {
constructor() {
super();
this.name = "nodeAdapter";
}
request(url) {
// request and return promise
}
}
class HttpRequester {
constructor(adapter) {
this.adapter = adapter;
}
fetch(url) {
return this.adapter.request(url).then(response => {
// transform response and return
});
}
}
里氏替换原则 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
派生类(子类)中的对象可以在程序中代替其基类(超类)中的对象。
对此的最佳解释是,如果你有一个父类和一个子类,那么父类和子类的同一功能调用,结果一致。这可能令人困惑,所以让我们看一下经典的正方形-矩形例子。从数学上讲,一个正方形就是一个矩形,但是如果你通过继承使用 is-a 关系来建模它,你会发现这是错误的。
Bad 示例中,setWidth 与 setHeight 实现不一致,最终导致结果不一致。
Bad:
class Rectangle {
constructor() {
this.width = 0;
this.height = 0;
}
setColor(color) {
// ...
}
render(area) {
// ...
}
setWidth(width) {
this.width = width;
}
setHeight(height) {
this.height = height;
}
getArea() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
setWidth(width) {
this.width = width;
this.height = width;
}
setHeight(height) {
this.width = height;
this.height = height;
}
}
function renderLargeRectangles(rectangles) {
rectangles.forEach(rectangle => {
rectangle.setWidth(4);
rectangle.setHeight(5);
const area = rectangle.getArea(); // BAD: Returns 25 for Square. Should be 20.
rectangle.render(area);
});
}
const rectangles = [new Rectangle(), new Rectangle(), new Square()];
renderLargeRectangles(rectangles);
Good:
class Shape {
setColor(color) {
// ...
}
render(area) {
// ...
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
constructor(width, height) {
super();
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
getArea() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Shape {
constructor(length) {
super();
this.length = length;
}
getArea() {
return this.length * this.length;
}
}
function renderLargeShapes(shapes) {
shapes.forEach(shape => {
const area = shape.getArea();
shape.render(area);
});
}
const shapes = [new Rectangle(4, 5), new Rectangle(4, 5), new Square(5)];
renderLargeShapes(shapes);
接口隔离原则 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
JavaScript 没有接口,所以这个原则不像其他原则那么严格。然而,即使 JavaScript 缺少类型系统,这一点也很重要。
ISP 声明:“客户(client)不应被迫使用对其而言无用的方法或功能。” 由于 duck typing(鸭子类型) 的存在,接口在 JavaScript 中是隐式契约。
Bad:
class DOMTraverser {
constructor(settings) {
this.settings = settings;
this.setup();
}
setup() {
this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
this.settings.animationModule.setup();
}
traverse() {
// ...
}
}
const $ = new DOMTraverser({
rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
animationModule() {} // Most of the time, we won't need to animate when traversing.
// ...
});
Good:
class DOMTraverser {
constructor(settings) {
this.settings = settings;
this.options = settings.options;
this.setup();
}
setup() {
this.rootNode = this.settings.rootNode;
this.setupOptions();
}
setupOptions() {
if (this.options.animationModule) {
// ...
}
}
traverse() {
// ...
}
}
const $ = new DOMTraverser({
rootNode: document.getElementsByTagName("body"),
options: {
animationModule() {}
}
});
依赖反转原则 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)
该原则规定:
- 高层次的模块不应该依赖于低层次的模块,两者都应该依赖于抽象接口。
- 抽象接口不应该依赖于具体实现。而具体实现则应该依赖于抽象接口。
一开始可能有点难理解,但如果你使用过 AngularJS,你就会看到依赖注入(Dependency Injection, DI)的形式实现了这个原则。尽管它们不是相同的概念,DIP 防止高级模块了解其低级模块的实现并设置它们。它可以通过 DI 实现这一点。这样做的一个巨大好处是它减少了模块之间的耦合。耦合是一种非常糟糕的开发模式,因为它使代码难以重构。
Bad:
class InventoryRequester {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
class InventoryTracker {
constructor(items) {
this.items = items;
// BAD: We have created a dependency on a specific request implementation.
// We should just have requestItems depend on a request method: `request`
this.requester = new InventoryRequester();
}
requestItems() {
this.items.forEach(item => {
this.requester.requestItem(item);
});
}
}
const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(["apples", "bananas"]);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();
Good:
class InventoryTracker {
constructor(items, requester) {
this.items = items;
this.requester = requester;
}
requestItems() {
this.items.forEach(item => {
this.requester.requestItem(item);
});
}
}
class InventoryRequesterV1 {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["HTTP"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
class InventoryRequesterV2 {
constructor() {
this.REQ_METHODS = ["WS"];
}
requestItem(item) {
// ...
}
}
// By constructing our dependencies externally and injecting them, we can easily
// substitute our request module for a fancy new one that uses WebSockets.
const inventoryTracker = new InventoryTracker(
["apples", "bananas"],
new InventoryRequesterV2()
);
inventoryTracker.requestItems();
测试 Testing
测试比发布更重要。如果你没有测试或测试不足,那么每次你发布代码时都不能确定你没有破坏任何东西。决定什么构成足够的测试量是由你的团队决定的,但是拥有 100% 的覆盖率(所有的声明和分支)是你获得高度自信和开发人员安心的方式。这意味着除了拥有一个优秀的测试框架外,您还需要使用一个良好的覆盖工具。
没有理由不编写测试用例。有很多好的 JS 测试框架,所以找一个你的团队喜欢的。当你找到一个适合你的团队的方法时,你的目标就是为你引入的每个新特性/模块编写测试用例。如果你的首选方法是测试驱动开发(TDD),那很好,但重点是要确保在启动任何功能或重构现有功能之前,你已经达到了覆盖目标。
单一概念测试 ✅
Bad:
import assert from "assert";
describe("MomentJS", () => {
it("handles date boundaries", () => {
let date;
date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
date.addDays(30);
assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);
date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);
date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
});
});
Good:
import assert from "assert";
describe("MomentJS", () => {
it("handles 30-day months", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("1/1/2015");
date.addDays(30);
assert.equal("1/31/2015", date);
});
it("handles leap year", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2016");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("02/29/2016", date);
});
it("handles non-leap year", () => {
const date = new MomentJS("2/1/2015");
date.addDays(28);
assert.equal("03/01/2015", date);
});
});
并发 Concurrency
使用 Async/Await > Promise > callback ✅
callback 会导致回调地狱!Promise 需要 then。
Bad:
import { get } from "request";
import { writeFile } from "fs";
get(
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin",
(requestErr, response, body) => {
if (requestErr) {
console.error(requestErr);
} else {
writeFile("article.html", body, writeErr => {
if (writeErr) {
console.error(writeErr);
} else {
console.log("File written");
}
});
}
}
);
Good:
import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";
get("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin")
.then(body => {
return writeFile("article.html", body);
})
.then(() => {
console.log("File written");
})
.catch(err => {
console.error(err);
});
Great:
import { get } from "request-promise";
import { writeFile } from "fs-extra";
async function getCleanCodeArticle() {
try {
const body = await get(
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_Martin"
);
await writeFile("article.html", body);
console.log("File written");
} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
}
getCleanCodeArticle()
异常处理 Error Handling
抛出异常很不错!它们意味着运行时已经成功地识别出程序中什么时候出现了问题,它通过停止当前堆栈上的函数执行、终止进程(在Node中)并在控制台上用堆栈跟踪来通知你。
不要忽略捕获异常 ❌
对捕获的异常什么都不做,那么对你排查与修复并没有帮助。将错误记录到控制台(console.log)也好不到哪里去,因为它经常会在控制台的大量信息中丢失。如果你在 try/catch 中包装了任何代码,这意味着你认为可能会在那里发生错误,因此你应该有一个计划,或创建一个代码路径,以便在错误发生时排查定位使用。
Bad:
try {
functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
console.log(error);
}
Good:
try {
functionThatMightThrow();
} catch (error) {
// One option (more noisy than console.log):
console.error(error);
// Another option:
notifyUserOfError(error);
// Another option:
reportErrorToService(error);
// OR do all three!
}
不要忽略 promise 的 rejected ❌
与上面提到的 try/catch 原因一致。
Bad:
getdata()
.then(data => {
functionThatMightThrow(data);
})
.catch(error => {
console.log(error);
});
Good:
getdata()
.then(data => {
functionThatMightThrow(data);
})
.catch(error => {
// One option (more noisy than console.log):
console.error(error);
// Another option:
notifyUserOfError(error);
// Another option:
reportErrorToService(error);
// OR do all three!
});
格式 Formatting
代码格式是主观的。与本文的许多规则一样,不需必须遵守的硬性规则。重点是不要争论格式。有大量的工具可以实现自动化;重点是格式风格统一。
对于那些不属于自动格式化范围的东西(缩进、制表符与空格、双引号与单引号等等),可以在这里找到一些指导建议。
一致的大写规则 ✅
JavaScript 是无类型的,所以大写可以告诉你很多关于变量、函数等的信息。这些规则是主观的,所以你的团队可以选择任何他们想要的。关键是,无论你们选择什么,都要始终如一。
Bad:
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const daysInMonth = 30;
const songs = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const Artists = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];
function eraseDatabase() {}
function restore_database() {}
class animal {}
class Alpaca {}
Good:
const DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
const DAYS_IN_MONTH = 30;
const SONGS = ["Back In Black", "Stairway to Heaven", "Hey Jude"];
const ARTISTS = ["ACDC", "Led Zeppelin", "The Beatles"];
function eraseDatabase() {}
function restoreDatabase() {}
class Animal {}
class Alpaca {}
函数定义与调用位置接近 ✅
如果一个函数调用另一个函数,在源文件中保持这些函数垂直关闭。理想情况下,让函数定义处于函数调用的正上方。我们倾向于自上而下地阅读代码,就像阅读报纸一样。 因此,让你的代码以这种方式读取。
Bad:
class PerformanceReview {
constructor(employee) {
this.employee = employee;
}
lookupPeers() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
}
lookupManager() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
}
getPeerReviews() {
const peers = this.lookupPeers();
// ...
}
perfReview() {
this.getPeerReviews();
this.getManagerReview();
this.getSelfReview();
}
getManagerReview() {
const manager = this.lookupManager();
}
getSelfReview() {
// ...
}
}
const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();
Good:
class PerformanceReview {
constructor(employee) {
this.employee = employee;
}
perfReview() {
this.getPeerReviews();
this.getManagerReview();
this.getSelfReview();
}
getPeerReviews() {
const peers = this.lookupPeers();
// ...
}
lookupPeers() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "peers");
}
getManagerReview() {
const manager = this.lookupManager();
}
lookupManager() {
return db.lookup(this.employee, "manager");
}
getSelfReview() {
// ...
}
}
const review = new PerformanceReview(employee);
review.perfReview();
注释 Comments
只注释逻辑复杂的内容 ✅
注释是一种道歉,不是必须的。优秀的代码大多自身就是文档。
Bad:
function hashIt(data) {
// The hash
let hash = 0;
// Length of string
const length = data.length;
// Loop through every character in data
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// Get character code.
const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
// Make the hash
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
// Convert to 32-bit integer
hash &= hash;
}
}
Good:
function hashIt(data) {
let hash = 0;
const length = data.length;
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
const char = data.charCodeAt(i);
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
// Convert to 32-bit integer
hash &= hash;
}
}
不要留注释掉的代码 ❌
代码注释了还不删掉,那要版本控制干嘛?
Bad:
doStuff();
// doOtherStuff();
// doSomeMoreStuff();
// doSoMuchStuff();
Good:
doStuff();
不要写日志注释 ❌
请使用版本控制!不需要死代码、注释代码,特别是日志注释。使用 git log 获取历史记录!
Bad:
/**
* 2016-12-20: Removed monads, didn't understand them (RM)
* 2016-10-01: Improved using special monads (JP)
* 2016-02-03: Removed type-checking (LI)
* 2015-03-14: Added combine with type-checking (JR)
*/
function combine(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
Good:
function combine(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
避免位置标记 ❌
它们通常只是添加噪音。让函数和变量名以及适当的缩进和格式为代码提供可视结构。
Bad:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Scope Model Instantiation
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
$scope.model = {
menu: "foo",
nav: "bar"
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Action setup
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
const actions = function() {
// ...
};
Good:
$scope.model = {
menu: "foo",
nav: "bar"
};
const actions = function() {
// ...
};