Vue - nextTick

JS 的运行机制：JS 执行是单线程的，它是基于事件循环的 （1）所有同步任务都在主线程上执行，形成一个执行栈（execution context stack）。 （2）主线程之外，还存在一个"任务队列"（task queue）。只要异步任务有了运行结果，就在"任务队列"之中放置一个事件。 （3）一旦"执行栈"中的所有同步任务执行完毕，系统就会读取"任务队列"，看看里面有哪些事件。那些对应的异步任务，于是结束等待状态，进入执行栈，开始执行。 （4）主线程不断重复上面的第三步。

task 分为两大类，分别是 macro task 和 micro task，并且每个 macro task 结束后，都要清空所有的 micro task。

关于 macro task 和 micro task 的概念，简单通过一段代码演示他们的执行顺序：

for (macroTask of macroTaskQueue) {
    // 1. Handle current MACRO-TASK
    handleMacroTask();
    // 2. Handle all MICRO-TASK
    for (microTask of microTaskQueue) {
        handleMicroTask(microTask);
    }
}复制代码

在浏览器环境中 常见的 macro task 有 setTimeout、MessageChannel、postMessage、setImmediate等 常见的 micro task 有 MutationObsever 和 Promise.then 等

Vue 的 nextTick

回到 Vue 的 nextTick，nextTick 顾名思义，就是下一个 tick，Vue 内部实现了 nextTick，并把它作为一个全局 API 暴露出来，它支持传入一个回调函数，保证回调函数的执行时机是在下一个 tick。官网文档介绍了 Vue.nextTick 的使用场景：

Vue.js 里是数据驱动视图变化，由于 JS 执行是单线程的，在一个 tick 的过程中，它可能会多次修改数据，但 Vue.js 并不会傻到每修改一次数据就去驱动一次视图变化，它会把这些数据的修改全部 push 到一个队列里，然后内部调用 一次 nextTick 去更新视图，所以数据到 DOM 视图的变化是需要在下一个 tick 才能完成。

---

接下来，我们来看一下 Vue 的 nextTick 的实现，在 Vue.js 2.5.2 的版本，抽出来一个单独的 next-tick.js 文件去实现它。

在 Vue 2.4 之前的版本，nextTick 几乎都是基于 micro task 实现的，但由于  micro task 的执行优先级非常高，在某些场景下它甚至要比事件冒泡还要快，就会导致一些诡异的问题，如 issue #4521、#6690、#6566；但是如果全部都改成 macro task，对一些有重绘和动画的场景也会有性能影响，如 issue #6813。

所以 Vue 2.4 到2.5 nextTick 采取的策略是默认走 micro task，对于一些 DOM 交互事件，如 v-on 绑定的事件回调函数的处理，会强制走 macro task。

这个强制是怎么做的呢，原来在 Vue.js 在绑定 DOM 事件的时候，默认会给回调的 handler 函数调用 withMacroTask 方法做一层包装，它保证整个回调函数执行过程中，遇到数据状态的改变，这些改变都会被推到 macro task 中。 对于 macro task 的执行，Vue.js 优先检测是否支持原生 setImmediate，这是一个高版本 IE 和 Edge 才支持的特性，不支持的话再去检测是否支持原生的 MessageChannel，如果也不支持的话就会降级为 setTimeout 0。

由于强制走 macro task 又会导致一些更诡异的问题，如issue #7109, #7546, #7707, #7834, #8109 所以Vue 2.6 开始又改回了 micro task

v2.3.4

Promise --> MutationObserver --> setTimeout 0

/* @flow */
/* globals MessageChannel */

...

/**
 * Defer a task to execute it asynchronously.
 */
export const nextTick = (function () {
  const callbacks = []
  let pending = false
  let timerFunc

  function nextTickHandler () {
    pending = false
    const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
    callbacks.length = 0
    for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
      copies[i]()
    }
  }

  // the nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
  // via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
  // MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
  // UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
  // completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
  // Promise is available, we will use it:
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
    var p = Promise.resolve()
    var logError = err => { console.error(err) }
    timerFunc = () => {
      p.then(nextTickHandler).catch(logError)
      // in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
      // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
      // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
      // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
      // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
      if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
    }
  } else if (typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
    isNative(MutationObserver) ||
    // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
    MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
  )) {
    // use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
    // e.g. PhantomJS IE11, iOS7, Android 4.4
    var counter = 1
    var observer = new MutationObserver(nextTickHandler)
    var textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
    observer.observe(textNode, {
      characterData: true
    })
    timerFunc = () => {
      counter = (counter + 1) % 2
      textNode.data = String(counter)
    }
  } else {
    // fallback to setTimeout
    /* istanbul ignore next */
    timerFunc = () => {
      setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0)
    }
  }

 ...

v2.5.2

从src/core/util/env.js 单提出来 next-tick.js Promise --> macroTimerFunc

macroTimerFunc:  setImmediate --> MessageChannel --> setTimeout 0

/* @flow */
/* globals MessageChannel */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isNative } from './env'

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using both microtasks and (macro) tasks.
// In < 2.4 we used microtasks everywhere, but there are some scenarios where
// microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between bubbling of the same
// event (#6566). However, using (macro) tasks everywhere also has subtle problems
// when state is changed right before repaint (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Here we use microtask by default, but expose a way to force (macro) task when
// needed (e.g. in event handlers attached by v-on).
let microTimerFunc
let macroTimerFunc
let useMacroTask = false

// Determine (macro) task defer implementation.
// Technically setImmediate should be the ideal choice, but it's only available
// in IE. The only polyfill that consistently queues the callback after all DOM
// events triggered in the same loop is by using MessageChannel.
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MessageChannel) ||
  // PhantomJS
  MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]'
)) {
  const channel = new MessageChannel()
  const port = channel.port2
  channel.port1.onmessage = flushCallbacks
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    port.postMessage(1)
  }
} else {
  /* istanbul ignore next */
  macroTimerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

// Determine microtask defer implementation.
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  microTimerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // in problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
} else {
  // fallback to macro
  microTimerFunc = macroTimerFunc
}

/**
 * Wrap a function so that if any code inside triggers state change,
 * the changes are queued using a (macro) task instead of a microtask.
 */
export function withMacroTask (fn: Function): Function {
  return fn._withTask || (fn._withTask = function () {
    useMacroTask = true
    try {
      return fn.apply(null, arguments)
    } finally {
      useMacroTask = false    
    }
  })
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    if (useMacroTask) {
      macroTimerFunc()
    } else {
      microTimerFunc()
    }
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

v2.6.0

github.com/vuejs/vue/c… always use microtasks for nextTick

Promise --> MutationObserver --> setImmediate --> setTimeout 0

/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIE, isIOS, isNative } from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Techinically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

v2.6.10 目前最新版本

---

MessageChannel：Channel Messaging API的**MessageChannel** 接口允许我们创建一个新的消息通道，并通过它的两个MessagePort 属性发送数据。 MutationObserver：MutationObserver接口提供了监视对DOM树所做更改的能力。它被设计为旧的Mutation Events功能的替代品，该功能是DOM3 Events规范的一部分。