JSON(JavaScript Object Notation) 是一种轻量级的数据交换格式。它基于ECMAScript的一个子集。 JSON采用完全独立于语言的文本格式，但是也使用了类似于C语言家族的习惯（包括C、C++、C#、Java、JavaScript、Perl、Python等）。这些特性使JSON成为理想的数据交换语言。 易于人阅读和编写，同时也易于机器解析和生成(一般用于提升网络传输速率)。
语法：JSON中的元素都是键值对——key:value形式，键值对之间以":"分隔，每个键需用双引号引起来，值的类型为String时也需要双引号。其中value的类型包括：对象，数组，值，每种类型具有不同的语法表示。
对象（object）：对象是一个无序的键值对集合。以"{"开始，以"}"结束， 每个成员以","分隔。例如：
"value" : {
"name": "Freeman",
"gender": 1
}
数组(array) ：数组是一个有序的集合，以"["开始，以"]"结束，成员之间以","分隔。例如：
"value" : [
{
"name": "zhangsan",
"gender": 1
},
{
"name": "lisi",
"gender": 2
}
]
值(value) : 值类型表示JSON中的基本类型，包括String，Number(byte, short, int, long, float, double), boolean。
"name": "Freeman"
"gender": 1
"registered": false
"article": null
另外，这三种类型可以互相嵌套使用
{
"code": 1,
"msg": "success",
"data": [
{
"name": "zhangsan",
"gender": 1
},
{
"name": "lisi",
"gender": 2
}
]
}
json for modern c++库就是用来支持json格式在c++中的使用，这个库的github地址为：github.com/nlohmann/js…。它有以下几个特点：
- 直观的语法。
- 整个代码由一个头文件组成json.hpp，没有子项目，没有依赖关系，没有复杂的构建系统，使用起来非常方便。
- 使用c++11标准编写。
- 使用json 像使用STL容器一样。
- STL和json容器之间可以相互转换。
一. 导入库
只需要加入以下头文件即可
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
// for convenience
using json = nlohmann::json;
二.常用使用方法总结
1.要创建以下Json对象
{
"pi": 3.141,
"happy": true,
"name": "Niels",
"nothing": null,
"answer": {
"everything": 42
},
"list": [1, 0, 2],
"object": {
"currency": "USD",
"value": 42.99
}
}
可以按照如下代码书写
// create an empty structure (null)
json j;
// add a number that is stored as double (note the implicit conversion of j to an object)
j["pi"] = 3.141;
// add a Boolean that is stored as bool
j["happy"] = true;
// add a string that is stored as std::string
j["name"] = "Niels";
// add another null object by passing nullptr
j["nothing"] = nullptr;
// add an object inside the object
j["answer"]["everything"] = 42;
// add an array that is stored as std::vector (using an initializer list)
j["list"] = { 1, 0, 2 };
// add another object (using an initializer list of pairs)
j["object"] = { {"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99} };
// instead, you could also write (which looks very similar to the JSON above)
json j2 = {
{"pi", 3.141},
{"happy", true},
{"name", "Niels"},
{"nothing", nullptr},
{"answer", {
{"everything", 42}
}},
{"list", {1, 0, 2}},
{"object", {
{"currency", "USD"},
{"value", 42.99}
}}
};
如果我们需要明确的告诉编译器，想用哪种json类型，则可以用json::array()和json::object()来声明。
// a way to express the empty array []
json empty_array_explicit = json::array();
// ways to express the empty object {}
json empty_object_implicit = json({});
json empty_object_explicit = json::object();
// a way to express an _array_ of key/value pairs [["currency", "USD"], ["value", 42.99]]
json array_not_object = json::array({ {"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99} });
2. 序列化和反序列化
定义：序列化与反序列化是开发过程中不可或缺的一步，简单来说，序列化是将对象转换成字节流的过程，而反序列化的是将字节流恢复成对象的过程。两者的关系如下：
简单来说，这里的序列化就是将对象转换成Json格式的字符串，反序列化就是逆过程，将Json串转换成对象。
所以这个库也实现了这两个功能。
To/from strings
反序列化
// create object from string literal
json j = "{ \"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141 }"_json;
// or even nicer with a raw string literal
auto j2 = R"(
{
"happy": true,
"pi": 3.141
}
)"_json;
// parse explicitly
auto j3 = json::parse("{ \"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141 }");
序列化
// explicit conversion to string
std::string s = j.dump(); // {"happy":true,"pi":3.141}
// serialization with pretty printing
// pass in the amount of spaces to indent
std::cout << j.dump(4) << std::endl;
// {
// "happy": true,
// "pi": 3.141
// }
To/from streams
序列化
// deserialize from standard input
json j;
std::cin >> j;
// serialize to standard output
std::cout << j;
// the setw manipulator was overloaded to set the indentation for pretty printing
std::cout << std::setw(4) << j << std::endl;
反序列化
// read a JSON file
std::ifstream i("file.json");
json j;
i >> j;
// write prettified JSON to another file
std::ofstream o("pretty.json");
o << std::setw(4) << j << std::endl;
3.从迭代器范围读取
还可以从迭代器范围读取JSON; 也就是说，可以从其内容存储为连续字节序列的迭代器访问的任何容器，例如std::vector
std :: vector < uint8_t > v = { ' t ',' r ',' u ',' e ' };
json j = json :: parse(v.begin(),v.end());
//或
std :: vector < uint8_t > v = { ' t ',' r ',' u ',' e ' };
json j = json :: parse(v);
4.类似STL容器
nlohmann设计的JSON类，就像一个STL容器一样。其实它满足了可逆容器要求。
// create an array using push_back
json j;
j.push_back("foo");
j.push_back(1);
j.push_back(true);
// also use emplace_back
j.emplace_back(1.78);
// iterate the array
for (json::iterator it = j.begin(); it != j.end(); ++it) {
std::cout << *it << '\n';
}
// range-based for
for (auto& element : j) {
std::cout << element << '\n';
}
// getter/setter
const auto tmp = j[0].get<std::string>();
j[1] = 42;
bool foo = j.at(2);
// comparison
j == "[\"foo\", 42, true]"_json; // true
// other stuff
j.size(); // 3 entries
j.empty(); // false
j.type(); // json::value_t::array
j.clear(); // the array is empty again
// convenience type checkers
j.is_null();
j.is_boolean();
j.is_number();
j.is_object();
j.is_array();
j.is_string();
// create an object
json o;
o["foo"] = 23;
o["bar"] = false;
o["baz"] = 3.141;
// also use emplace
o.emplace("weather", "sunny");
// special iterator member functions for objects
for (json::iterator it = o.begin(); it != o.end(); ++it) {
std::cout << it.key() << " : " << it.value() << "\n";
}
// the same code as range for
for (auto& el : o.items()) {
std::cout << el.key() << " : " << el.value() << "\n";
}
// even easier with structured bindings (C++17)
for (auto& [key, value] : o.items()) {
std::cout << key << " : " << value << "\n";
}
// find an entry
if (o.contains("foo")) {
// there is an entry with key "foo"
}
// or via find and an iterator
if (o.find("foo") != o.end()) {
// there is an entry with key "foo"
}
// or simpler using count()
int foo_present = o.count("foo"); // 1
int fob_present = o.count("fob"); // 0
// delete an entry
o.erase("foo");
5.从STL容器转换
任何序列容器（std::array，std::vector，std::deque，std::forward_list，std::list），其值可以被用于构建JSON类型（例如，整数，浮点数，布尔值，字符串类型，或者再次在本节中描述STL容器）可被用于创建JSON阵列。这同样适用于类似的关联容器（std::set，std::multiset，std::unordered_set，std::unordered_multiset），但是在这些情况下，阵列的元素的顺序取决于元素是如何在各个STL容器排序。
std::vector<int> c_vector {1, 2, 3, 4};
json j_vec(c_vector);
// [1, 2, 3, 4]
std::deque<double> c_deque {1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 5.6};
json j_deque(c_deque);
// [1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 5.6]
std::list<bool> c_list {true, true, false, true};
json j_list(c_list);
// [true, true, false, true]
std::forward_list<int64_t> c_flist {12345678909876, 23456789098765, 34567890987654, 45678909876543};
json j_flist(c_flist);
// [12345678909876, 23456789098765, 34567890987654, 45678909876543]
std::array<unsigned long, 4> c_array {{1, 2, 3, 4}};
json j_array(c_array);
// [1, 2, 3, 4]
std::set<std::string> c_set {"one", "two", "three", "four", "one"};
json j_set(c_set); // only one entry for "one" is used
// ["four", "one", "three", "two"]
std::unordered_set<std::string> c_uset {"one", "two", "three", "four", "one"};
json j_uset(c_uset); // only one entry for "one" is used
// maybe ["two", "three", "four", "one"]
std::multiset<std::string> c_mset {"one", "two", "one", "four"};
json j_mset(c_mset); // both entries for "one" are used
// maybe ["one", "two", "one", "four"]
std::unordered_multiset<std::string> c_umset {"one", "two", "one", "four"};
json j_umset(c_umset); // both entries for "one" are used
// maybe ["one", "two", "one", "four"]
同样，任何键值容器（std::map，std::multimap，std::unordered_map，std::unordered_multimap），其键可以构造一个std::string，并且其值可以被用于构建JSON类型（参见上文实施例）可用于创建一个JSON对象。请注意，在多重映射的情况下，JSON对象中仅使用一个键，该值取决于STL容器的内部顺序。
std::map<std::string, int> c_map { {"one", 1}, {"two", 2}, {"three", 3} };
json j_map(c_map);
// {"one": 1, "three": 3, "two": 2 }
std::unordered_map<const char*, double> c_umap { {"one", 1.2}, {"two", 2.3}, {"three", 3.4} };
json j_umap(c_umap);
// {"one": 1.2, "two": 2.3, "three": 3.4}
std::multimap<std::string, bool> c_mmap { {"one", true}, {"two", true}, {"three", false}, {"three", true} };
json j_mmap(c_mmap); // only one entry for key "three" is used
// maybe {"one": true, "two": true, "three": true}
std::unordered_multimap<std::string, bool> c_ummap { {"one", true}, {"two", true}, {"three", false}, {"three", true} };
json j_ummap(c_ummap); // only one entry for key "three" is used
// maybe {"one": true, "two": true, "three": true}
6.隐式转化
JSON对象的类型由要存储的表达式自动确定。同样，存储的值被隐式转换。
// strings
std::string s1 = "Hello, world!";
json js = s1;
auto s2 = js.get<std::string>();
// NOT RECOMMENDED
std::string s3 = js;
std::string s4;
s4 = js;
// Booleans
bool b1 = true;
json jb = b1;
auto b2 = jb.get<bool>();
// NOT RECOMMENDED
bool b3 = jb;
bool b4;
b4 = jb;
// numbers
int i = 42;
json jn = i;
auto f = jn.get<double>();
// NOT RECOMMENDED
double f2 = jb;
double f3;
f3 = jb;
// etc.
std :: string vs = js.get <std :: string>（）;
bool vb = jb.get < bool >（）;
int vi = jn.get < int >（）;
//...
7.任意类型转换
namespace ns {
// a simple struct to model a person
struct person {
std::string name;
std::string address;
int age;
};
}
ns::person p = {"Ned Flanders", "744 Evergreen Terrace", 60};
// convert to JSON: copy each value into the JSON object
json j;
j["name"] = p.name;
j["address"] = p.address;
j["age"] = p.age;
// ...
// convert from JSON: copy each value from the JSON object
ns::person p {
j["name"].get<std::string>(),
j["address"].get<std::string>(),
j["age"].get<int>()
};
/ create a person
ns::person p {"Ned Flanders", "744 Evergreen Terrace", 60};
// conversion: person -> json
json j = p;
std::cout << j << std::endl;
// {"address":"744 Evergreen Terrace","age":60,"name":"Ned Flanders"}
// conversion: json -> person
auto p2 = j.get<ns::person>();
// that's it
assert(p == p2);
