简介
定时器相信大家都不陌生,平时使用定时器就像使用闹钟一样,我们可以在固定的时间做某件事,也可以在固定的时间段重复做某件事,今天就来分析一下java中自带的定时任务器Timer。
但是在android中,由于dvm对其或者对线程做了限制导致(自己尝试过把代码重写,测试了两次,执行没有问题),其依附进程虽然未杀死,但任务依然得不到执行;其实它还有一些其它缺点,这些缺点在后面慢慢道来
定时器中涉及Timer,TaskQueue,TimerThread,TimerTask;那我们就从简单类到复杂的类,来理解其原理吧
抽象任务类TimerTask
final Object lock = new Object();
int state = VIRGIN;
static final int VIRGIN = 0;
static final int SCHEDULED = 1;
static final int EXECUTED = 2;
static final int CANCELLED = 3;
long nextExecutionTime;
long period = 0;
protected TimerTask() {
}
public abstract void run();
public boolean cancel() {
synchronized(lock) {
boolean result = (state == SCHEDULED);
state = CANCELLED;
return result;
}
}
public long scheduledExecutionTime() {
synchronized(lock) {
return (period < 0 ? nextExecutionTime + period
: nextExecutionTime - period);
}
}
继承了Runnable接口;包含任务锁,执行状态,将要执行时间,执行时间间隔(0,是一次性任务,其它按绝对值来间隔)
部分有序队列TaskQueue
private TimerTask[] queue = new TimerTask[128];
private int size = 0;
int size() {
return size;
}
void add(TimerTask task) {
if (size + 1 == queue.length)
queue = Arrays.copyOf(queue, 2*queue.length);
queue[++size] = task;
fixUp(size);
}
TimerTask getMin() {
return queue[1];
}
TimerTask get(int i) {
return queue[i];
}
void removeMin() {
queue[1] = queue[size];
queue[size--] = null;
fixDown(1);
}
void quickRemove(int i) {
assert i <= size;
queue[i] = queue[size];
queue[size--] = null;
}
void rescheduleMin(long newTime) {
queue[1].nextExecutionTime = newTime;
fixDown(1);
}
boolean isEmpty() {
return size==0;
}
void clear() {
for (int i=1; i<=size; i++)
queue[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
private void fixUp(int k) {
while (k > 1) {
int j = k >> 1;
if (queue[j].nextExecutionTime <= queue[k].nextExecutionTime)
break;
TimerTask tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
}
private void fixDown(int k) {
int j;
while ((j = k << 1) <= size && j > 0) {
if (j < size &&
queue[j].nextExecutionTime > queue[j+1].nextExecutionTime)
j++; // j indexes smallest kid
if (queue[k].nextExecutionTime <= queue[j].nextExecutionTime)
break;
TimerTask tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
}
void heapify() {
for (int i = size/2; i >= 1; i--)
fixDown(i);
}
方法也不多,就源码全上了,特点如下:
- 采用数组存储,2倍扩容
- 从数组索引为1的位置开始存储,初始容器大小为128
- 随便一个位置index; 那么 值[index / 2] < 值[index] < 值[index * 2] (假设都存在);比较依据为TimerTask类中成员变量nextExecutionTime的大小
- 删除时,先把最后一个位置数据补偿到删除位置,然后从删除位置向后进行"二分排序"修正;增加时,从数组最后一个值向前进行"二分排序"
- 队列为进行同步措施
可取消单线程执行体TimerThread
class TimerThread extends Thread {
boolean newTasksMayBeScheduled = true;
private TaskQueue queue;
TimerThread(TaskQueue queue) {
this.queue = queue;
}
public void run() {
try {
mainLoop();
} finally {
synchronized(queue) {
newTasksMayBeScheduled = false;
queue.clear();
}
}
}
private void mainLoop() {
while (true) {
try {
TimerTask task;
boolean taskFired;
synchronized(queue) {
while (queue.isEmpty() && newTasksMayBeScheduled)
queue.wait();
if (queue.isEmpty())
break;
long currentTime, executionTime;
task = queue.getMin();
synchronized(task.lock) {
if (task.state == TimerTask.CANCELLED) {
queue.removeMin();
continue;
}
currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
executionTime = task.nextExecutionTime;
if (taskFired = (executionTime<=currentTime)) {
if (task.period == 0) {
queue.removeMin();
task.state = TimerTask.EXECUTED;
} else {
queue.rescheduleMin(
task.period<0 ? currentTime - task.period
: executionTime + task.period);
}
}
}
if (!taskFired)
queue.wait(executionTime - currentTime);
}
if (taskFired)
task.run();
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
}
定时任务具体分发执行实在TimerThread中进行的;有以下特色
- 可以取消线程执行;且不可重新启动
- 执行任务异常,导致线程崩溃,其它任务不能再执行
- 以队列为锁等待条件,进行数据读取
- 非周期任务,从队列中删除
- 采用消费者-生产者机制进行等待-唤醒
- 使用条件等待,达到定时效果
定时操作主体
public class Timer {
private final TaskQueue queue = new TaskQueue();
private final TimerThread thread = new TimerThread(queue);
private final Object threadReaper = new Object() {
protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
synchronized(queue) {
thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled = false;
queue.notify(); // In case queue is empty.
}
}
};
private final static AtomicInteger nextSerialNumber = new AtomicInteger(0);
private static int serialNumber() {
return nextSerialNumber.getAndIncrement();
}
public Timer() {
this("Timer-" + serialNumber());
}
public Timer(boolean isDaemon) {
this("Timer-" + serialNumber(), isDaemon);
}
public Timer(String name) {
thread.setName(name);
thread.start();
}
public Timer(String name, boolean isDaemon) {
thread.setName(name);
thread.setDaemon(isDaemon);
thread.start();
}
public void schedule(TimerTask task, long delay) {
if (delay < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative delay.");
sched(task, System.currentTimeMillis()+delay, 0);
}
public void schedule(TimerTask task, Date time) {
sched(task, time.getTime(), 0);
}
public void schedule(TimerTask task, long delay, long period) {
if (delay < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative delay.");
if (period <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-positive period.");
sched(task, System.currentTimeMillis()+delay, -period);
}
public void schedule(TimerTask task, Date firstTime, long period) {
if (period <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-positive period.");
sched(task, firstTime.getTime(), -period);
}
public void scheduleAtFixedRate(TimerTask task, long delay, long period) {
if (delay < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative delay.");
if (period <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-positive period.");
sched(task, System.currentTimeMillis()+delay, period);
}
public void scheduleAtFixedRate(TimerTask task, Date firstTime,
long period) {
if (period <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Non-positive period.");
sched(task, firstTime.getTime(), period);
}
private void sched(TimerTask task, long time, long period) {
if (time < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal execution time.");
if (Math.abs(period) > (Long.MAX_VALUE >> 1))
period >>= 1;
synchronized(queue) {
if (!thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled)
throw new IllegalStateException("Timer already cancelled.");
synchronized(task.lock) {
if (task.state != TimerTask.VIRGIN)
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Task already scheduled or cancelled");
task.nextExecutionTime = time;
task.period = period;
task.state = TimerTask.SCHEDULED;
}
queue.add(task);
if (queue.getMin() == task)
queue.notify();
}
}
public void cancel() {
synchronized(queue) {
thread.newTasksMayBeScheduled = false;
queue.clear();
queue.notify();
}
}
public int purge() {
int result = 0;
synchronized(queue) {
for (int i = queue.size(); i > 0; i--) {
if (queue.get(i).state == TimerTask.CANCELLED) {
queue.quickRemove(i);
result++;
}
}
if (result != 0)
queue.heapify();
}
return result;
}
代码内容包括一下几点:
- 初始化工作,队列、执行线程
- 可以取消线程执行
- 以队列为锁条件,进行添加动作;和TimerThread配合保证了线程安全
- 可以主动管理删除无效取消任务,并重新排序
- 可以设置是否为守护线程,但不能设置优先级(反射可以设置)
总结
- 一个可以取消整体任务,单个任务的定时器;但是线程异常后,不能再执行定时任务
- 队列采用 "二分"排序方法,达到基本有序
- 使用synchronized 进行同步管理
android中,cpu休眠时,Timer执行受到限制,具体如何限制还不清楚,我觉得可能的方向有两个,类名、线程优先级
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